American psychologist best known for his controversial maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of caregiving and companionship to social and cognitive development. He conducted most of his research at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow worked with him for a short period of time.

Timeline (wikipedia)

1905 Born October 31 in Fairfield, Iowa, Son of Alonzo and Mabel (Rock) Israel
1930–44 Staff, University of Wisconsin–Madison
Married Clara Mears
1939–40 Carnegie Fellow of Anthropology at Columbia University
1944–74 George Cary Comstock Research Professor of Psychology
1946 Divorced Clara Mears
1948 Married Margaret Kuenne
1947–48 President, Midwestern Psychological Association
1950–51 President of Division of Experimental Psychology, American Psychological Association
1950–52 Head of Human Resources Research Branch, Department of the Army
1953–55 Head of Division of Anthropology and Psychology, National Research Council
1956 Howard Crosby Warren Medal for outstanding contributions to the field of experimental psychology
1956–74 Director of Primate Lab, University of Wisconsin
1958–59 President, American Psychological Association
1959–65 Sigma Xi National Lecturer
1960 Distinguished Psychologist Award, American Psychological Association
Messenger Lecturer at Cornell University
1961–71 Director of Regional Primate Research Center
1964–65 President of Division of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, American Psychological Association
1967 National Medal of Science
1970 Death of his spouse, Margaret
1971 Harris Lecturer at Northwestern University
Remarried Clara Mears
1972 Martin Rehfuss Lecturer at Jefferson Medical College
Gold Medal from American Psychological Foundation
Annual Award from Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality
1974 University of Arizona (Tucson) Honorary Research Professor of Psychology
1975 Von Gieson Award from New York State Psychiatric Institute
1976 International Award from Kittay Scientific Foundation
1981 Died December 6

Early papers (wikipedia)

The effect of large cortical lesions on learned behavior in monkeys. Science. 1950.
Retention of delayed responses and proficiency in oddity problems by monkeys with preoccipital ablations. Am J Psychol. 1951.
Discrimination learning by normal and brain operated monkeys. J Genet Psychol. 1952.
Incentive size, food deprivation, and food preference. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1953.
Effect of cortical implantation of radioactive cobalt on learned behavior of rhesus monkeys. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1955.
The effects of repeated doses of total-body x radiation on motivation and learning in rhesus monkeys. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1956.
The sad ones: Studies in depression “Psychology Today”. 1971

References (wikipedia)

1. Deborah Blum, Love at Goon Park. Harry Harlow and the Science of Affection, Basic Books, Inc., New York, 2011, p. ix.
2. Harlow, H. F.; Dodsworth, R. O.; Harlow, M. K. (June 1965). “Total social isolation in monkeys”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 54 (1): 90–97. Bibcode:1965PNAS…54…90H. doi:10.1073/pnas.54.1.90. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 285801. PMID 4955132.
3. Blum, Deborah (2002). Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the Science of Affection. Perseus Publishing. p. 225.
4. Haggbloom, Steven J.; Powell, John L., III; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; et al. (2002). “The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century”. Review of General Psychology. 6 (2): 139–152. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.1913. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139. S2CID 145668721.
5. McKinney, William T (2003). “Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the Science of Affection”. American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (12): 2254–2255. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.12.2254.
6. Slater, Lauren. “Monkey love”. Boston.com. The Boston Globe. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
7. Suomi, Stephen J. (8 August 2008). “Rigorous Experiments on Monkey Love: An Account of Harry F. Harlow’s Role in the History of Attachment Theory”. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science. 42 (4): 354–69. doi:10.1007/s12124-008-9072-9. PMID 18688688.
8. Rumbaugh, Duane M. (1997). “The psychology of Harry F. Harlow: A bridge from radical to rational behaviorism”. Philosophical Psychology. 10 (2): 197. doi:10.1080/09515089708573215.
9. Blum, Deborah (2011). Love at Goon Park: Harr Harlow and the science of affection. New York: Basic Books. p. 228. ISBN 9780465026012.
10. “Keith E Rice – Attachment in Infant Monkeys”. Archived from the original on 2012-06-01. Retrieved 2012-05-01. Key study: attachment in infant monkeys
11. Van De Horst, Frank (2008). “When Strangers Meet”: John Bowlby and Harry Harlow on Attachment Behavior”. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science. 42 (4): 370–388. doi:10.1007/s12124-008-9079-2. PMID 18766423.
12. Suomi, S. J.; Leroy, H. A. (1982). “In memoriam: Harry F. Harlow (1905–1981)”. American Journal of Primatology. 2 (4): 319–342. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350020402. PMID 32188173.
13. “A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Harry Harlow”. PBS.
14. Mcleod, Saul (February 5, 2008). “Attachment Theory”. Simply Psychology.
15. Spitz, R. A.; Wolf, K. M. (1946). “Anaclitic depression: an inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. II”. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 2: 313–342. doi:10.1080/00797308.1946.11823551. PMID 20293638.
16. Robert, Karen (February 1990). “Becoming attached” (PDF). The Atlantic Monthly. 265 (2): 35–70. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
17. Harlow, Harry F. (1958). “The nature of love” (PDF). American Psychologist. American Psychological Association (APA). 13 (12): 673–685. doi:10.1037/h0047884. ISSN 0003-066X.
18. Rumbaugh, Duane (June 1997). “The psychology of Harry F. Harlow: A bridge from radical to rational behaviorism”. Philosophical Psychology. 10 (2): 197–210. doi:10.1080/09515089708573215.
19. Mason, W.A. (1968). “Early social deprivation in the nonhuman primates: Implications for human behavior”. In D. C. Glass (ed.). Environmental Influences. New York: Rockefeller University and Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 70–101.
20. Green, Christopher D. (March 2000). “The Nature of Love”. Classics in the History of Psychology.
21. A variation of this housing method, using cages with solid sides as opposed to wire mesh, but retaining the one-cage, one-monkey scheme, remains a common housing practice in primate laboratories today. Reinhardt, V; Liss, C; Stevens, C (1995). “Social Housing of Previously Single-Caged Macaques: What are the options and the Risks?”. Animal Welfare. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. 4: 307–328.
22. Harlow, H.F. (1962). “Development of affection in primates”. In Bliss, E.L. (ed.). Roots of Behavior. New York: Harper. pp. 157–166.
23. Harlow, H.F. (1964). “Early social deprivation and later behavior in the monkey”. In A.Abrams; H.H. Gurner; J.E.P. Tomal (eds.). Unfinished tasks in the behavioral sciences. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. pp. 154–173.
24. Suomi, SJ; Delizio, R; Harlow, HF (1976). “Social rehabilitation of separation-induced depressive disorders in monkeys”. American Journal of Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. 133 (11): 1279–1285. doi:10.1176/ajp.133.11.1279. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 824960.
25. Harlow, Harry F.; Suomi, Stephen J. (1971). “Social Recovery by Isolation-Reared Monkeys”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 68 (7): 1534–1538. Bibcode:1971PNAS…68.1534H. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.7.1534. PMC 389234. PMID 5283943.
26. Harlow, Harry F.; Suomi, Stephen J. (1971). “Social Recovery by Isolation-Reared Monkeys”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 68 (7): 1534–1538. Bibcode:1971PNAS…68.1534H. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.7.1534. PMC 389234. PMID 5283943.
27. Suomi, Stephen J.; Harlow, Harry F.; McKinney, William T. (1972). “Monkey Psychiatrists”. American Journal of Psychiatry. 128 (8): 927–932. doi:10.1176/ajp.128.8.927. PMID 4621656.
28. Cummins, Mark S.; Suomi, Stephen J. (1976). “Long-term effects of social rehabilitation in rhesus monkeys”. Primates. 17 (1): 43–51. doi:10.1007/BF02381565. S2CID 1369284.
29. Jutapakdeegul, N.; Casalotti, Stefano O.; Govitrapong, P.; Kotchabhakdi, N. (5 November 2017). “Postnatal Touch Stimulation Acutely Alters Corticosterone Levels and Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Expression in the Neonatal Rat”. Developmental Neuroscience. 25 (1): 26–33. doi:10.1159/000071465. PMID 12876428. S2CID 31348253.
30. Schanberg, S; Field, T. (1988). “Maternal deprivation and supplemental stimulation”. In Field, T; McCabe, P; Schneiderman, N (eds.). Stress and Coping Across Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
31. Laudenslager, ML; Rasmussen, KLR; Berman, CM; Suomi, SJ; Berger, CB (1993). “Specific antibody levels in free-ranging rhesus monkeys: relationships to plasma hormones, cardiac parameters, and early behavior”. Developmental Psychology. 26 (7): 407–420. doi:10.1002/dev.420260704. PMID 8270123.
32. Suomi, SJ. “Touch and the immune system in rhesus monkeys”. In Field, TM (ed.). Touch in Early Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.
33. Suomi, JS (1971). Experimental production of depressive behavior in young monkeys (Doctoral thesis.). University of Wisconsin–Madison.
34. Harlow, H. F.; Harlow, M. K.; Suomi, S. J. (September–October 1971). “From thought to therapy: lessons from a primate laboratory” (PDF). American Scientist. 59 (5): 538–549. Bibcode:1971AmSci..59..538H. PMID 5004085.
35. “A Critique of Maternal Deprivation Monkey Experiments at The State University of New York Health Science Center”. Medical Research Modernization Committee. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007.
36. Capitanio, John P.; Mason, William A. (2000). “Cognitive style: Problem solving by rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) reared with living or inanimate substitute mothers”. Journal of Comparative Psychology. American Psychological Association (APA). 114 (2): 115–125. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.114.2.115. ISSN 1939-2087. PMID 10890583.
37. Blum, Deborah (1994). The Monkey Wars. Oxford University Press. p. 96.
38. Firger, Jessica. “Questions raised about mental health studies on baby monkeys at NIH labs”. CBSNew.com. CBS. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
39. Novak, Bridgett (2014-12-25). “Animal research at NIH lab challenged by members of Congress”. Reuters. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
40. “The Harry Harlow Project“. The Age: Arts Review. 30 November 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2011.

More References

• Aalai, A. (2016). Revisiting Harry Harlow’s Legacy: Cruelty Towards Monkeys. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-first-impression/201607/revisiting-harry-harlow-s-legacy-cruelty-towards-monkeys
• Adams, B., & Larson, J. (n.d.). Legislative History of the Animal Welfare Act: Introduction | Animal Welfare Information Center| NAL | USDA. Www.nal.usda.gov. https://www.nal.usda.gov/legacy/awic/legislative-history-animal-welfare-act-introduction
• Cherry, K. A. (2006). What is attachment theory? Retrieved from http://psychology.about.com/od/loveandattraction/a/attachment01.htm
• Flynn, C. (2001). Acknowledging the “Zoological Connection”: A Sociological Analysis of Animal Cruelty. Society & Animals, 9(1), 71–87. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853001300109008
• Gluck, J. (1997). Paradox Paradox. https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1112&context=acwp_arte
• Harlow, H.F., Gluck, J.P. and Suomi, S.J. (1972). Generalization of behavioral data between nonhuman and human animals. American Psychologist, 27(8): 709–716.
• Harlow, H. F., & Harlow, M. K. (1962). Social Deprivation in Monkeys. Scientific American, 207(5), 136–150. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24936357
• Hanson, R. F., & Spratt, E. G. (2000). Reactive Attachment Disorder: What We Know about the Disorder and Implications for Treatment. Child Maltreatment, 5(2), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559500005002005
• Harry Harlow: Study Of Human Developmental Psychology | ipl.org. (n.d.). Www.ipl.org. Retrieved May 4, 2022, from https://www.ipl.org/essay/Harry-Harlow-Understanding-Developmental-Psychology-FKZ2ZS36CEDR
• History is Our Story: Margaret Ruth Kuenne Harlow. (n.d.). Https://Www.apadivisions.org. https://www.apadivisions.org/division-6/publications/newsletters/neuroscientist/2018/11/harlow
• Kirsch, M., & Buchholz, M. (2020, February 26). On the Nature of the Mother-Infant Tie and Its Interaction With Freudian Drives. Frontiers in Psychology. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00317/full
• Kjonnas, K. (2012, October 10). Animal Rights: Past and Present. Do It Green! Minnesota. https://doitgreen.org/topics/environment/animal-rights-past-and-present/
• McLeod, S. (2017). Bowlby’s Attachment Theory. Simplypsychology.org. https://www.simplypsychology.org/bowlby.html
• McLeod, S. (2020). Harry Harlow, Monkey Love Experiments | Simply Psychology. Www.simplypsychology.org; Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/harlow-monkey.html
• Morin, A. (2017, April 18). Reactive Attachment Disorder Causes and Treatment. Verywell Mind; Verywellmind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-reactive-attachment-disorder-4136080
• PETA Video Reveals Infant Monkeys Torn From Their Mothers, Like Those at UW Primate Center. (2021, May 18). PETA. https://www.peta.org/media/news-releases/peta-video-reveals-infant-monkeys-torn-from-their-mothers-like-those-at-uw-primate-center/
• Spenner, K. (1990). Skill: Meanings, Methods, and Measures. 17(4), 399–421. SAGE Journals.
• Suomi, S. J., Harlow, H. F., & Kimball, S. D. (1971). Behavioral Effects of Prolonged Partial Social Isolation in the Rhesus Monkey. Psychological Reports, 29(3_suppl), 1171–1177. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1971.29.3f.1171
• szmason. (2018, February 14). William Mason. College of Biological Sciences. https://biology.ucdavis.edu/people/william-mason
• van der Horst, F. C. P., & van der Veer, R. (2008). Loneliness in Infancy: Harry Harlow, John Bowlby and Issues of Separation. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 42(4), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-008-9071-x
• van Rosmalen, L., van der Veer, R., & C. P. van der Horst, F. (2020). The nature of love: Harlow, Bowlby and Bettelheim on affectionless mothers. History of Psychiatry, 31(2), 0957154X1989899. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957154×19898997
• Vicedo, M. (2010). The evolution of Harry Harlow: from the nature to the nurture of love. History of Psychiatry, 21(2), 190-205.

Further reading

• Harlow, Harry (1958). “The nature of love”. American Psychologist. 13 (12): 673–685. doi:10.1037/h0047884.
• Harry Harlow: Monkey Love Experiments – Adoption History
• Harry Harlow – A Science Odyssey: People and Experiments
• Harlow (July 1965). “Total social isolation in monkeys”. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 54 (1): 90–97. Bibcode:1965PNAS…54…90H. doi:10.1073/pnas.54.1.90. PMC 285801. PMID 4955132.
• Harry Harrow’s Studies – YouTube mix playlist of 11 video documentaries
• “A History of Primate Experimentation at the University of Wisconsin, Madison”.
• Blum, Deborah. Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the Science of Affection. Perseus Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-7382-0278-9
• Monkey love – article about Harlow’s work in the Boston Globe

External links

• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Harlow