Rennet

August 26, 2022

For the apple varieties, see Reinette

Rennet is a complex set of enzymes produced in the stomachs of ruminant mammals. Chymosin, its key component, is a protease enzyme that curdles the casein in milk. In addition to chymosin, rennet contains other enzymes, such as pepsin and a lipase.

Rennet has traditionally been used to separate milk into solid curds and liquid whey, used in the production of cheeses. Rennet from calves has become less common for this use, to the point that less than 5% of cheese in the world is made using animal rennet today.^{[Yacoubou, Jeanne. “An Update on Rennet”. The Vegetarian Resource Group. Retrieved 2021-12-24]}

Most cheese is now made using chymosin derived from bacterial sources.

Molecular action of rennet enzymes

One of the main actions of rennet is its protease chymosin cleaving the kappa casein chain.^{[“Rennet in cheese – the science: How rennet works”. 2013-06-12]}
Casein is the main protein of milk. Cleavage causes casein to stick to other cleaved casein molecules and form a network. It can cluster better in the presence of calcium and phosphate. This is why those chemicals are occasionally added to supplement pre-existing quantities in the cheese making process, especially in calcium phosphate-poor goat milk. The solid truncated casein protein network traps other components of milk, such as fats and minerals, to create cheese.^{[citation needed]}

Extraction of calf rennet

Calf rennet is extracted from the inner mucosa of the fourth stomach chamber (the abomasum) of young, nursing calves as part of livestock butchering. These stomachs are a byproduct of veal production.^{[O’Connor., C. (1993-01-01). Traditional Cheesemaking Manual. ILRI. p. 6. ISBN 9789290532736]}
Rennet extracted from older calves (grass-fed or grain-fed) contains less or no chymosin, but a high level of pepsin and can only be used for special types of milk and cheeses. As each ruminant produces a special kind of rennet to digest the milk of its own species, milk-specific rennets are available, such as kid goat rennet for goat’s milk and lamb rennet for sheep’s milk.^{[Singley, Nora. “What You Might Not Know: Not All Cheeses Are Vegetarian!”. Kitchn. Kitchn.com. Retrieved 30 January 2022]}

Traditional method

Dried and cleaned stomachs of young calves are sliced into small pieces and then put into salt water or whey, together with some vinegar or wine to lower the pH of the solution. After some time (overnight or several days), the solution is filtered. The crude rennet that remains in the filtered solution can then be used to coagulate milk. About 1 gram of this solution can normally coagulate 2 to 4 litres of milk.^{[Tamime, Adnan Y. (2008-04-15). Brined Cheeses. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-7164-9]}

Modern method

Deep-frozen stomachs are milled and put into an enzyme-extracting solution. The crude rennet extract is then activated by adding acid; the enzymes in the stomach are produced in an inactive form and are activated by the stomach acid. The acid is then neutralized and the rennet extract is filtered in several stages and concentrated until reaching a typical potency of about 1:15,000; meaning 1 g of extract can coagulate 15 kg of milk.^{[citation needed]}

One kg of rennet extract has about 0.7 g of active enzymes – the rest is water and salt and sometimes sodium benzoate (E211), 0.5%–1.0% for preservation. Typically, 1 kg of cheese contains about 0.0003 g of rennet enzymes.^{[“Cheese Technology: Lesson 14. CALF RENNET: PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES”. ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in. Retrieved 2021-02-04][“Hooked on Cheese: Cheese for Vegetarians”. The Daily Meal. 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2021-02-04]}

Alternative sources

Because of the limited availability of mammalian stomachs for rennet production, cheese makers have sought other ways to coagulate milk since at least Roman times. The many sources of enzymes that can be a substitute for animal rennet range from plants and fungi to microbial sources.^{[“TECHNICAL REPORT OF EFSA: Explanatory Note for the Guidance of the Scientific Panel of Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids (CEF) on the Submission of a Dossier on Food Enzymes: 3.2. Source Materials and Manufacturing Process: Comments/Explanations: Updated on version 2014:EN-579”. European Food Safety Authority. 2014-11-14. Retrieved 2015-11-11]}
Cheeses produced from any of these varieties of rennet are suitable for lactovegetarians. Fermentation-produced chymosin is used more often in industrial cheesemaking in North America and Europe today because it is less expensive than animal rennet.^{[“Chymosin”. GMO Compass. Archived from the original on 2015-03-26. Retrieved 2011-03-03]}

Vegetable

Many plants have coagulating properties.
Homer suggests in the Iliad that the Greeks used an extract of fig juice to coagulate milk.^{[P. F. Fox; Paul McSweeney; Timothy M. Cogan; Timothy P. Guinee (2004). Cheese: Major cheese groups. Academic Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-12-263652-3. Retrieved 2009-05-06]}
Other examples include several species of Galium, dried caper leaves,^{[Mike, Tad, “Capers: The Flower Inside”, Epikouria Magazine, Fall/Winter 2006]} nettles, thistles, mallow, Withania coagulans (also known as Paneer Booti, Ashwagandh and the Indian Cheesemaker), and ground ivy. Some traditional cheese production in the Mediterranean uses enzymes from thistle or Cynara (artichokes and cardoons).
Phytic acid, derived from unfermented soybeans, or fermentation-produced chymosin (FPC) may also be used.^{[citation needed]}

Vegetable rennet might be used in the production of kosher and halal cheeses, but nearly all kosher cheeses are produced with either microbial rennet or FPC.^{[citation needed]}
Commercial so-called vegetable rennets usually contain an extract from the mold Rhizomucor miehei described below.^{[citation needed]}

Microbial

Some molds such as Rhizomucor miehei are able to produce proteolytic enzymes.^{[Preetha, S.; Boopathy, R. (1997). “Purification and characterization of a milk clotting protease from Rhizomucor miehei”. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 13 (5): 573. doi:10.1023/A:1018525711573. S2CID 85375727]}
These molds are produced in a fermenter and then specially concentrated and purified to avoid contamination with unpleasant byproducts of the mold growth.^{[K Ruby Blume (1 July 2014). Everyday Cheesemaking: How to Succeed Making Dairy and Nut Cheese at Home. Microscosm Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-62106-592-0.]}

The traditional view is that these coagulants result in bitterness and low yield in cheese, especially when aged for a long time. Over the years^[when?], microbial coagulants have improved a lot, largely due to the characterization and purification of secondary enzymes responsible for bitter peptide formation/non-specific proteolytic breakdown in cheese aged for long periods. Consequently, it has become possible to produce several high-quality cheeses with microbial rennet.^{[“Marzyme Microbial Coagulant” (PDF). BMBtrade.it. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-03. Retrieved 2017-07-17]}

It is also suitable for the elaboration of vegan cheese, provided no animal-based ingredients are used in its production.^{[“How to Know if Your Cheese Is Vegetarian Friendly”. The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 2021-10-23]}

Fermentation-produced chymosin

Because of the above imperfections of microbial and animal rennets, many producers sought other replacements of rennet. With genetic engineering it became possible to isolate rennet genes from animals and introduce them into certain bacteria, fungi, or yeasts to make them produce recombinant chymosin during fermentation. The genetically modified microorganism is killed after fermentation and chymosin isolated from the fermentation broth, so that the fermentation-produced chymosin (FPC) used by cheese producers does not contain a GMO or any GMO DNA. FPC is identical to chymosin made by an animal, but is produced in a more efficient way. FPC products have been on the market since 1990 and, because the quantity needed per unit of milk can be standardized, are commercially viable alternatives to crude animal or plant rennets, as well as generally preferred to them in industrial production.^{[Law, Barry A. (2010). Technology of Cheesemaking. UK: WILEY-BLACKWELL. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-1-4051-8298-0.]}

Originally created by biotechnology company Pfizer, FPC was the first artificially-produced enzyme to be registered and allowed by the US Food and Drug Administration.^{[“FDA Approves 1st Genetically Engineered Product for Food”. Los Angeles Times. 24 March 1990. Retrieved 1 May 201][Staff, National Centre for Biotechnology Education, 2006. Case Study: Chymosin]}
In 1999, about 60% of US hard cheeses were made with FPC,^{[“Food Biotechnology in the United States: Science, Regulation, and Issues”. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2006-08-14]}
- and it has up to 80% of the global market share for rennet.^{[E. Johnson, J. A. Lucey (2006) Major Technological Advances and Trends in Cheese J. Dairy Sci. 89(4): 1174–1178]}
- By 2017, FPC takes up 90% of the global market share for rennet.^{[Johnson, M.E. (2017). “A 100-Year Review: Cheese production and quality”. Journal of Dairy Science. 100 (12): 9952–9965. doi:10.3168/jds.2017-12979. ISSN 0022-0302. PMID 29153182]}

The most widely used FPC is produced either by the fungus Aspergillus niger and commercialized under the trademark CHY-MAX^{[“Enzymes for Cheese”. Chr-Hansen.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-01. Retrieved 2012-07-30]} by the Danish company Chr. Hansen,
or produced by Kluyveromyces lactis and commercialized under the trademark Maxiren by the Dutch company DSM.^{[“DSM Food Specialties — Product Page — Maxiren”. DSM.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2013-01-28.]}
- Chr. Hansen A/S is a bioscience company based in Hørsholm, Denmark. The company is a supplier of food cultures, probiotics, enzymes and human milk oligosaccharides. Its products are used in the production of fresh dairy, cheese, meat, seafood, fermented beverages, dairy and meat alternatives, dietary supplements, infant formula, pharmaceuticals and agricultural products.
  - In 2021, Chr. Hansen A/S was ranked 1st on FoodTalks’ Top 30 Global Probiotic Food Ingredient Companies list.^{[Zhao, Viola (2021-04-20). “2021年全球食用益生菌原料企业30强”. FoodTalks (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2022-01-17. Retrieved 2022-01-19]}
  - Chr. Hansen A/S has development centers in Denmark, the United States, France and Germany including research facilities in Denmark and France. A large percentage of the employees engage in research and development for the international food and pharmaceuticals industries.
  - Chr. Hansen A/S has five main production sites: two in Denmark and Germany (Nienburg and Pohlheim) and one each in France (Arpajon) and the US (West Allis, Milwaukee, WI) and an international presence in 30 countries.^{[“Annual Report 2020/2021” (PDF). Chr. Hansen. Retrieved 21 June 2022]}
  - It has been listed on Nasdaq OMX Copenhagen since June 3, 2010, under the symbol “CHR”.
  - HISTORY: The company is named for its founder, Christian D. A. Hansen, a pioneering Danish chemist whose work focused on enzymes. Hansen began the company in 1874 as a joint venture with pharmacist H.P. Madsen. Initial products included animal rennet for cheese-making as well as annatto-based coloring agents for butter and cheese. Operations in the United States were begun in 1878. Their lines soon expanded to include starter cultures for cheese, yogurt and sour cream. Hansen’s son Johannes took over the company in 1916 upon his father’s death. That same year, the company began production in England to bypass the German World War I blockade of exports to Great Britain and beyond. Facilities in Italy and Germany followed in 1936 during the inter-war period. Further international expansion followed, and the 1970s and 1980s saw a period of acquisition of other firms. In 1991, the Lundbeck Foundation obtained majority control of the company and initiated a major restructuring into a holding company format. Additional growth and consolidation followed, and Chr. Hansen Group was spun off into a separate, independent company in 2005.^{[“The History of Chr. Hansen – the first 140 years”. Chr. Hansen. Retrieved 30 November 2015][“Chr. Hansen Group A/S History”. FundingUniverse. Retrieved 30 November 2015][Nicolai J. Foss; Torben Pedersen; Jacob Pyndt; Majken Schultz (January 12, 2012). Innovating Organization and Management: New Sources of Competitive Advantage. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–157. ISBN 9781107011052]}
  - In 2019 Chr. Hansen was ranked as the most sustainable company in the world. The ranking was given by the Canadian business and society magazine Corporate Knights and was announced at the World Economics Forum in Davos, Switzerland.^{[Eisenberg, Peter B. Rasmussen og Erik (22 January 2019). “To danske virksomheder topper listen over verdens mest bæredygtige firmaer: Se listen her”. borsen.dk. Retrieved 28 January 2019]}
    - Corporate Knights is a media and research company based in Toronto, Canada. Dedicated to advancing a sustainable economy, the company publishes an award-winning magazine, Corporate Knights, and produces global rankings, research reports and financial product ratings based on corporate and environmental sustainability performance. Corporate Knights defines a sustainable economy as an economic system “where humans thrive in sync with nature.” Its best-known rankings include the Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World and the Best 50 Corporate Citizens in Canada.
    - Corporate Knights Inc. was co-founded in 2002 by Toby A. Heaps, Paul Fengler and Peter Diplaros. According to Heaps, the trio created the magazine as a “halfway house between Adbusters and Forbes.”^{[Andre Mayer (2002-10-16). “Glossy offers new spin on business ethics”. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2022-08-24]}
    - The magazine was first published in the wake of the accounting scandal at Enron and WorldCom with the objective of holding companies more accountable. The three founders understood the relationship between power and money, and aligned with the belief that “if you want to make social change, it’s through business.” Heaps later coined the term “clean capitalism” to describe an economic system where prices fully incorporate social, economic and ecological costs and benefits, and market participants are clearly aware of the consequences of their actions.
    - From advocating for a global carbon tax to depicting regional and national opportunities for a clean energy transition, Corporate Knights acts as an advisor and partner to corporations, governments and people working toward a more sustainable economy.
    - Speaking to the tradition of environmental protection in the White House, Corporate Knights named Theodore Roosevelt as the greenest president in U.S. history, followed by Richard Nixon.
- Koninklijke DSM N.V. (Royal DSM, commonly known as DSM), is a Dutch multinational corporation active in the fields of health, nutrition and materials. Headquartered in Heerlen, at the end of 2017 DSM employed 21,054 people in approximately 50 countries and posted net sales of €8.632 billion in 2018^{[“Annual Report 2017”. DSM. Retrieved 12 June 2017]} and €9.204 billion in 2021.^{[“DSM reports 2021 results | DSM”. @corporate. Retrieved 2022-02-16]}
  - HISTORY: DSM was formed by the Dutch state in 1902 to mine coal reserves in southern Limburg and although the company had diversified into commodity chemicals and petrochemicals by 1973 when the last mine closed, DSM retains a link to its origins by continuing to use the initials, originally an abbreviation for Dutch State Mines, to this day.^{[Messing, F.A.M. (1988). De Mijnsluiting in Limburg. Leiden: Nijhoff. p. 224. ISBN 90-6890-241-5]}
  - During World War II researchers worked on penicillin. The code name Bacinol was used to keep the research secret from the Germans.^{[Gaynes, Robert (2017). “The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use”. Emerg Infect Dis. 23 (5): 849–853. doi:10.3201/eid2305.161556. PMC 5403050]} The research was done at the company Nederlandsche Gist- en Spiritusfabriek, Dutch Yeast and Spirits Factory, later becoming DSM Sinochem Pharmaceuticals, in Delft.
  - In 1989 the government floated 70% of its shares in the company on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange (now Euronext Amsterdam) with the remaining 30% floated in 1996, thereby completing DSM’s privatization. The 21st century has seen DSM follow successive five-year strategic periods of portfolio transformation and internationalization involving acquisitions, divestments and partnerships.^{[Volberda, Henk (2013). Re-inventing Business. Assen: Van Gorcum. p. 270. ISBN 978-90-232-5146-0][Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Schreuder, Hein (2015). From Coal to Biotech: The Transformation of DSM with Business School Support. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 198, 207, 215, 233. ISBN 978-3-662-46299-7]}
  - In 2001 48% of DSM’s workforce was based in the Netherlands; in 2017 this was 18%.^{[“Annual Report 2017”. DSM. Retrieved 12 June 2017]}
  - Acquisitions
    - 1998: Gist-brocades (food ingredients, pharmaceuticals, yeast- and enzyme-based production process technology).^{[Cassiman, Bruno; Colombo, Massimo G (2006). Mergers & Acquisitions: The Innovation Impact. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 145. ISBN 978-18-472-0158-4]}
    - 2000: Catalytica Pharmaceuticals (pharmaceutical intermediates).^{[Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Schreuder, Hein (2015). From Coal to Biotech: The Transformation of DSM with Business School Support. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 198, 207, 215, 233. ISBN 978-3-662-46299-7]}
    - 2003: Roche’s vitamin division.^{[Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Schreuder, Hein (2015). From Coal to Biotech: The Transformation of DSM with Business School Support. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 198, 207, 215, 233. ISBN 978-3-662-46299-7]}
    - 2005: NeoResins (water-based coating resins).^{[Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Schreuder, Hein (2015). From Coal to Biotech: The Transformation of DSM with Business School Support. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 198, 207, 215, 233. ISBN 978-3-662-46299-7]}
    - 2011: Martek (nutritional products derived from microalgae and fermentation technology).^{[Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Schreuder, Hein (2015). From Coal to Biotech: The Transformation of DSM with Business School Support. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 198, 207, 215, 233. ISBN 978-3-662-46299-7]}
    - 2011: Vitatene (natural carotenoids derived from fermentation of Blakeslea trispora fungus).^{[“DSM completes acquisition of Vitatene S.A.U.”AllAboutFeed. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 2016-03-08]}
    - 2012: Verenium’s food enzymes and oilseed processing business.^{[“DSM Acquires Verenium Assets”. www.cancernetwork.com. 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2016-03-08]}
    - 2012: Kensey Nash (biomedical regenerative medicine).^{[Jones, Kristin. “Royal DSM to buy Kensey Nash for $337M”. MarketWatch. Retrieved 2016-03-08]}
    - 2012: Ocean Nutrition Canada (fish-oil derived nutritional products).^{[Steinglass, Matt (2012-05-18). “DSM to acquire Canadian nutrition group”. Financial Times. ISSN 0307-1766. Retrieved 2016-03-08]}
    - 2012: Cargill’s cultures and enzymes business.^{[“Cargill confirms signing of agreement with DSM on sale of cultures and enzymes business”. www.cargill.com. Retrieved 2016-03-08]}
    - 2012: Fortitech (customized nutrient premixes).^{[NutraIngredients.com. “DSM buys Fortitech for €495m; “We are done for awhile””. NutraIngredients.com. Retrieved 2016-03-08]}
    - 2013: Unitech (micronutrient premixes and macronutrient blends).^{[“NZ Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment”. www.business.govt.nz. Retrieved 2016-03-08]}
    - 2013: Andre Pectin (food hydrocolloids).^{[“DSM Closes Acquisition Of Andre Pectin’s Stake – Quick Facts”. RTTNews. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-03-08]}
    - 2013: Tortuga (nutritional supplements for pasture raised cattle).^{[Andrew Noel (8 August 2012). “DSM Buys Animal-Nutrition Supplier Tortuga for $576 Million”. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2016-03-08]}
    - 2015: Åland (vitamin C).^{[FeedNavigator.com. “Vitamin C supply: Aland deal won’t change DSM’s global ranking”. FeedNavigator.com. Retrieved 2016-03-08]}
    - 2015: Cubic Tech (high-performance, ultra-lightweight, flexible laminates and fabrics).^{[“Mesa’s Cubic Tech Corp. purchased by Dutch company”. azcentral. Retrieved 2016-03-08]}
    - 2020: Erber Group – Biomin and Romer Labs (mycotoxin and allergen tests in food).^{[“DSM to add world-leading animal nutrition and health specialty businesses with acquisition of Erber Group | DSM”]}
    - 2020: Glycom (human milk oligosaccharides, infant formula supplement).^{[“DSM completes acquisition of Glycom | DSM”. @corporate. Retrieved 2022-02-16]}
    - 2021: Amyris Flavor & Fragrance business.^{[“DSM acquires Flavor & Fragrance bio-based intermediates business from Amyris | DSM”. @corporate. Retrieved 2022-02-16]}
  - Divestments
    - 2002: Petrochemicals (hydrocarbons, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyolefins).^{[“Gulf Industry Online – Sabic gets world boost”. www.gulfindustryworldwide.com. Retrieved 2016-03-15]}
    - 2001: Quinine and Cinchona Alcaloids to Buchler GmbH.^{[Spanish National Commission for Markets and Competition CNMC https://www.cnmc.es/index.php/eu/node/339052 Retrieved 2021-01-21]}
    - 2010: Ammonia, fertilizer and melamine.^{[“History of OCI Nitrogen”. www.ocinitrogen.com. Retrieved 2016-03-08]}
    - 2010: Thermoplastic elastomers.^{[“Teknor Apex Company has acquired the Sarlink TPV product range”. www.teknorapex.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-03-08]}
    - 2010: EP(D)M rubber.^{[“Press Releases – LANXESS News”. lanxess.com. Retrieved 2016-03-15]}
    - 2010: Toluene oxidation.^{[“Emerald Performance Materials completes acquisition of DSM Specialty Products, BV”. www.emeraldmaterials.com. 2010. Retrieved 2016-03-08]}
    - 2017: Patheon, a pharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) joint venture with JLL Partners, to Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.^{[“Thermo Fisher Scientific Completes Acquisition of Patheon”]}
    - 2021: Resins & Functional Materials business to Covestro AG.^{[“DSM completes sale of Resins & Functional Materials businesses | DSM”. @corporate. Retrieved 2022-02-16]}
    - 2022: Protective Materials business to Avient Corporation ^{[“DSM announces sale of Protective Materials business | DSM”]}
    - 2022: Engineering Materials business to Advent International and LANXESS ^{[“DSM announces sale of Engineering Materials business”]}
  - Partnerships
    - DSM has stated that these partnerships have been created with a view to the company’s ultimate exit from the businesses concerned.^{[“Annual Report 2016”. DSM. Retrieved 3 March 201]}
    - 2009: DSM and NCPC sign contracts to establish nutrition and anti-infectives joint ventures in China^{[citation needed]}
    - 2011: DSM Sinochem Pharmaceuticals, joint venture (DSM 50%) with the Sinochem Group. DSM Sinochem Pharmaceuticals is a manufacturer of generic anti-infective molecules.
    - 2015: ChemicaInvest, joint venture (DSM 35%) with CVC Capital Partners. ChemicaInvest consists of three business units; Aliancys (composite resins), AnQore (acrylonitrile) and Fibrant (caprolactam).
  - Since 2010, the Short and Long-Term Incentive elements of the remuneration of DSM’s Managing Board^{[Paolo Perego, Associate Professor, Department of Accounting & Control, Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University (8 July 2014). “Sustainability bonuses: a credible sign of corporate responsibility?”. discovery.rsm.nl. Retrieved 2016-03-09]} and executive bonuses^{[“BUSINESS: Get your bonus? Nah, I missed my climate target”. www.eenews.net. Retrieved 2016-03-09]} relate to the company’s financial and environmental performance in equal measure.
  - Since 2004^{[“DSM, KLM rank high in annual Dow Jones Sustainability Index : Biofuels Digest”. www.biofuelsdigest.com. 13 September 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-09]} DSM has been either the Materials industry group leader, (7 years) or among the leaders in the annual Dow Jones Sustainability Index.
  - DSM is listed on Euronext Amsterdam and is a constituent of the AEX index. Options on DSM shares are traded on the European Option Exchange in Amsterdam. In the US, a sponsored unlisted American Depositary Receipts (ADR) programme is provided by Deutsche Bank Trust Co. Americas. These ADR’s are listed on the OTCQX International Premier Marketplace. (all from Wikipedia where there is even more but this is a Rennet page)

FPC is chymosin B, so it is purer than animal rennet, which contains a multitude of proteins. FPC provides several benefits to the cheese producer compared with animal or microbial rennet: higher production yield, better curd texture, and reduced bitterness.^{[Law, Barry A. (2010). Technology of Cheesemaking. UK: WILEY-BLACKWELL. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-1-4051-8298-0.]}

Cheeses produced with FPC can be
- certified kosher and halal,^{^{[ “Say Cheese!”][“Chymax spec sheet” (PDF)]}}
- and are suitable for vegetarians if no animal-based alimentation was used during the chymosin production in the fermenter.^{[citation needed]}

Nonrennet coagulation

Many soft cheeses are produced without use of rennet, by coagulating milk with acid, such as citric acid or vinegar, or the lactic acid produced by soured milk. Cream cheese, paneer, rubing, and other acid-set cheeses are traditionally made this way. The acidification can also come from bacterial fermentation such as in cultured milk.^{[citation needed]}

Vegan alternatives to cheese are manufactured without using animal milk but instead use soy, wheat, rice or cashew. These can be coagulated with acid using sources such as vinegar or lemon juice.^{[“These 25 Vegan Cheeses Will Make You Quit Dairy Forever”. 2017-05-19.][“12 Vegan Cheese Recipes That Will Change Your Life”. Archived from the original on 2017-10-09. Retrieved 2016-05-02.][“Vegan Cheese Recipes”][“8 Amazing Vegan “Cheese” Recipes”. 12 May 2014.]}

In mythology

In Yazidism, the Earth is believed to have coagulated and formed when rennet flowed from the White Spring of the celestial Lalish in heaven into the Primeval Ocean.^{[Kreyenbroek, Philip (2005). God and Sheikh Adi are perfect: sacred poems and religious narratives from the Yezidi tradition. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-05300-6. OCLC 63127403.]}
- Yazidism or Sharfadin is a monotheistic ethnic religion that has roots in a western Iranic pre-Zoroastrian religion directly derived from the Indo-Iranian tradition.^{[ (1) Turgut, Lokman. Ancient rites and old religions in Kurdistan. OCLC879288867. (2) Kaczorowski, Karol (2014). “Yezidism and Proto-Indo-Iranian Religion”. Fritillaria Kurdica. Bulletin of Kurdish Studies (3–4). (3) Foltz, Richard (2017-06-01). “The “Original” Kurdish Religion? Kurdish Nationalism and the False Conflation of the Yezidi and Zoroastrian Traditions”. Journal of Persianate Studies. 10 (1): 87–106. doi:10.1163/18747167-12341309. ISSN1874-7094. (4) Omarkhali, Khanna (2009–2010). “The status and role of the Yezidi legends and myths: to the question of comparative analysis of Yezidism, Yārisān (Ahl-e Haqq) and Zoroastrianism: a common substratum?”. Folia Orientalia. 45–46: 197–219. OCLC999248462. (5) Kreyenbroek, Philip G. (1995). Yezidism–its Background, Observances, and Textual Tradition. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN978-0-7734-9004-8]} It is followed by the mainly Kurmanji-speaking Yazidis and is based on belief in one God who created the world and entrusted it into the care of seven Holy Beings, known as Angels. Preeminent among these Angels is Tawûsê Melek (also spelled as “Melek Taûs”), who is the leader of the Angels and who has authority over the world.^{[ Asatrian, Garnik S.; Arakelova, Victoria (2014). “Part I: The One God – Malak-Tāwūs: The Leader of the Triad”. The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World. Gnostica. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp. 1–28. doi:10.4324/9781315728896. ISBN 978-1-84465-761-2. OCLC 931029996.][Allison, Christine (25 January 2017). “The Yazidis”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254. ISBN 9780199340378. Archived from the original on 11 March 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2021][Maisel, Sebastian (2016-12-24). Yezidis in Syria: Identity Building among a Double Minority. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739177754]}
- Lalish also known as Lalişa Nûranî is a mountain valley^{[C. J. Edmonds (2002). A Pilgrimage to Lalish. p. 10. ISBN 9780947593285. Retrieved 13 August 2019]} and temple^{[Luongo, Michael (21 August 2014). Fighting Back With Faith: Inside The Yezidis Iraqi Temple (PDF). kdp.se. The Daily Beast. p. 1. Retrieved 13 August 2019]} in Shekhan, Duhok Governorate in Iraq. It is the holiest temple of the Yazidis. It is the location of the tomb of the Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir, a central figure of the Yazidi faith. At least once in their lifetimes, Yazidis are expected to make a six-day pilgrimage to Lalish to visit the tomb of Şêx Adî and other sacred places.^{[Soguel, Dominique (August 12, 2014). “World Middle East A sanctuary for Iraqi Yazidis – and a plea for Obama’s intervention”. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved August 13, 2014]} These other sacred places are shrines dedicated to other holy beings. There are two sacred springs called Zamzam and the Kaniya Spî (White Spring). Below Sheikh Adi’s sanctuary, which also includes the tomb of Sheikh Hesen is situated a cave.^{[Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Jindy Rashow, Khalil (2005). God and Sheikh Adi are Perfect. Wiesbaden: Harassovitz Verlag. pp. 37–38. ISBN 3447053003]} Lalish is also the location of pirrā selāt (Ṣerāṭ Bridge) and a mountain called Mt. ʿErefāt which has sites significant in other faiths.^{[Harrassowitz, O. (2009). From Daena to Din. Religion, Kultur und Sprache in der iranischen Welt: Festschrift für Philip Kreyenbroek zum 60. Geburtstag. p. 357. ISBN 978-3447059176]} Yazidis living in the region are also expected to make a yearly pilgrimage to attend the autumn seven-day Feast of the Assembly,^{[Allison, Christine (July 20, 2004). “YAZIDIS i. GENERAL”. Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.). New York. Retrieved August 13, 2014]} which is celebrated between 6th and 13th of October. It has been located in the Shekhan District^{[“Volunteers help restore holy Yezidi temple of Lalish”. Rûdaw. 6 June 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019]} since 1991.^{[Minority Rights in the Middle East. OUP Oxford. 2013. p. 204. ISBN 9780191668883]}

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From Wikipedia where the main page (Rennet) was last updated August 17, 2022