Bad Food, Bad Medicine, Blood
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Armour & Company (bad blood featuring Factor VIII product Factorate, Revlon, Stevie Nicks’ papa, poison soap, poison baby powder, a ghost town in Missouri involving CDC, EPA and the Crisco Kid, Hexachlorophene and something called 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) and some other bullshit

Armour & Company was an American company and was one of the five leading firms in the meat packing industry. It was founded in Chicago, in 1867, by the Armour brothers led by Philip Danforth Armour. By 1880, the company had become Chicago’s most important business and had helped make Chicago and its Union Stock Yards the center of America’s meatpacking industry. During the same period, its facility in Omaha, Nebraska, boomed, making the city’s meatpacking industry the largest in the nation by 1959. In connection with its meatpacking operations, the company also ventured into pharmaceuticals (Armour Pharmaceuticals) and soap manufacturing, introducing Dial soap in 1948.

Presently, the Armour food brands are split between Smithfield Foods (for refrigerated meat — “Armour Meats”) and ConAgra Brands (for canned shelf-stable meat products — “Armour Star”). The Armour pharmaceutical brand is owned by Forest Laboratories. Dial soap is now owned by Henkel.

History

1863–1970

Hanging room, Armour’s packing house, Chicago, 1896

Armour and Company had its roots in Milwaukee, where in 1863 Philip D. Armour joined with John Plankinton (the founder of the Layton and Plankinton Packing Company in 1852) to establish Plankinton, Armour and Company. Together, the partners expanded Plankinton’s Milwaukee meat packing operation and established branches in Chicago and Kansas City and an exporting house in New York City. Armour and Plankinton dissolved their partnership in 1884 with the Milwaukee operation eventually becoming the Cudahy Packing Company.

Postcard of the Armour Packing Plant in Fort Worth, undated

In addition to meats, Armour sold many types of consumer products made from animals in its early years, including glue, oil, fertilizer, hairbrushes, buttons, oleomargarine, and drugs, made from slaughterhouse byproducts. Armour operated in an environment without labor unions, health inspections, or government regulation. Accidents were commonplace. Armour was notorious for the low pay it offered its line workers. It fought unionization by banning known union activists and breaking strikes in 1904 and 1921 by employing African Americans and new immigrants as strikebreakers. The company did not become fully unionized until the late 1930s when the meatpacking union succeeded in creating an interracial industrial union as part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.

Miss Oak Ridge Tennessee 1947 wins an Armour smoked ham – the hell?

During the Spanish–American War (1898), Armour sold 500,000 pounds (230,000 kg) of beef to the US Army. An army inspector tested the meat two months later and found that 751 cases were rotten and had contributed to the food poisoning of thousands of soldiers.

In the first decade of the 20th century, a young Dale Carnegie, representing the South Omaha sales region, became the company’s highest-selling salesman, an experience he drew on in his best-selling book, How to Win Friends and Influence People.

  • How To Win Friends And Influence People, by Dale Carnegie, Introduction by Lowell Thomas, p. 9, Copyright 1964

In the early 1920s, Armour encountered financial troubles and the family sold its majority interest to financier Frederick H. Prince. The firm retained its position as one of the largest American firms through the Great Depression and the sharp increase in demand during World War II. During this period, it expanded its operations across the United States; at its peak, the company employed just under 50,000 people.

Armour’s Food Source Map : The Greatness of the United States Is Founded on Agriculture, 1922[4]

In 1948, Armour, which had made soap for years as a byproduct of the meatpacking process, developed a deodorant soap by adding the germicidal agent AT-7 to soap. This limited body odor by reducing bacteria on the skin. The new soap was named Dial because of its 24-hour protection against the odor-causing bacteria. Armour introduced the soap with a full-page advertisement using scented ink in the Chicago Tribune. During the 1950s, Dial became the best-selling deodorant soap in the US. The company adopted the slogan “Aren’t you glad you use Dial? Don’t you wish everybody did?” in 1953. In the 1960s, the Dial brand was expanded to include deodorants and shaving creams. Because of the popularity and strong sales of Dial brand, fueled by magazine, radio, and television advertising, Armour’s consumer-products business was incorporated as Armour-Dial, Inc. in 1967.

In 1958, William Wood-Prince, a cousin of Frederick H. Prince, became president of Armour and Company.

The formula for Dial soap was modified to remove AT-7 (hexachlorophene?) after the FDA ended over-the-counter availability in 1972.

AT7

Hexachlorophene, also known as Nabac, is an organochlorine compound that was once widely used as a disinfectant. The compound occurs as a white odorless solid, although commercial samples can be off-white and possess a slightly phenolic odor. It is insoluble in water but dissolves in acetone, ethanol, diethyl ether, and chloroform. In medicine, hexachlorophene is useful as a topical anti-infective and anti-bacterial agent. It is also used in agriculture as a soil fungicide, plantbactericide, and acaricide. Hexachlorophene is produced by alkylation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol with formaldehyde. Related antiseptics are prepared similarly, e.g., bromochlorophene and dichlorophene. Trade names for hexachlorophene include: Acigena, Almederm, AT7 (dial soap), AT17, Bilevon, Exofene, Fostril, Gamophen, G-11, Germa-Medica, Hexosan, K-34, Septisol, Surofene, M3.

  • Fiege H, Voges HM, Hamamoto T, Umemura S, Iwata T, Miki H, et al. (2000). “Phenol Derivatives”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_313. ISBN 3-527-30673-0.
  • “Hexachlorophene”. PharmGKB. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
  • Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare (1972). “Consumer news”. Office of Consumer Affairs. 2 (21): 10.

The LD50 (oral, rat) is 59 mg/kg, indicating that the compound is relatively toxic. It is not mutagenic nor teratogenic according to Ullmann’s Encyclopedia, but “embryotoxic and produces some teratogenic effects” according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer.2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) is always a contaminant in this compound’s production. Several accidents releasing many kilograms of TCDD have been reported. The reaction between 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and formaldehyde is exothermic. If the reaction occurs without adequate cooling, TCDD is produced in significant quantities as a byproduct and contaminant. The Seveso disaster and the Times Beach, Missouri, contamination incident exemplify the industrial hazards of hexachlorophene production.(now a ghost town.) In Times Beach, Missouri, several hundred people were poisoned by extremely high concentrations of TCDD by Russell Martin Bliss, who sprayed TCDD-contaminated waste oil on dusty roads to avoid large dust clouds. Bliss himself obtained the waste oil from NEPACCO, a company that produced Agent Orange. No one was ever charged in relation to the incident, and the city of Times Beach was abandoned and disincorporated following an investigation by the CDC and EPA. This is marked as the single largest contamination of a civilian area by TCDD in United States history.) contamination incident exemplify the industrial hazards of hexachlorophene production.

  • Fiege H, Voges HM, Hamamoto T, Umemura S, Iwata T, Miki H, et al. (2000). “Phenol Derivatives”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_313. ISBN 3-527-30673-0.
  •  “Hexachlorophene”. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) – Summaries & Evaluations. IPCS Inchem. 20: 241. 1998 [1979].
A photograph of Viktor Yushchenko after he was poisoned by TCDD. TCDD often causes disfiguring facial swelling
  • 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (sometimes shortened, though inaccurately, to simply ‘dioxin’) with the chemical formula C12H4Cl4O2. Pure TCDD is a colorless solid with no distinguishable odor at room temperature. It is usually formed as an unwanted product in burning processes of organic materials or as a side product in organic synthesis. TCDD is the most potent compound (congener) of its series (polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, known as PCDDs or simply dioxins) and became known as a contaminant in Agent Orange, a herbicide used in the Vietnam War. TCDD was released into the environment in the Seveso disaster. It is a persistent organic pollutant.
  • TCDD and dioxin-like compounds act via a specific receptor present in all cells: the aryl hydrocarbon (AH) receptor. This receptor is a transcription factor which is involved in the expression of genes; it has been shown that high doses of TCDD either increase or decrease the expression of several hundred genes in rats. Genes of enzymes activating the breakdown of foreign and often toxic compounds are classic examples of such genes (enzyme induction). TCDD increases the enzymes breaking down, e.g., carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons such as benzo(a)pyrene.
  • These polycyclic hydrocarbons also activate the AH receptor, but less than TCDD and only temporarily. Even many natural compounds present in vegetables cause some activation of the AH receptor. This phenomenon can be viewed as adaptive and beneficial, because it protects the organism from toxic and carcinogenic substances. Excessive and persistent stimulation of AH receptor, however, leads to a multitude of adverse effects.[10]
  • The physiological function of the AH receptor has been the subject of continuous research. One obvious function is to increase the activity of enzymes breaking down foreign chemicals or normal chemicals of the body as needed. There seem to be many other functions, however, related to the development of various organs and the immune systems or other regulatory functions. The AH receptor is phylogenetically highly conserved, with a history of at least 600 million years, and is found in all vertebrates. Its ancient analogs are important regulatory proteins even in more primitive species. In fact, knock-out animals with no AH receptor are prone to illness and developmental problems. Taken together, this implies the necessity of a basal degree of AH receptor activation to achieve normal physiological function.
    • J. Lindén; S. Lensu; J. Tuomisto; R. Pohjanvirta. (2010). “Dioxins, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the central regulation of energy balance. A review”. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 31 (4): 452–478. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.07.002. PMID 20624415. S2CID 34036181.
    • Rothhammer, V; Quintana, FJ (March 2019). “The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: an environmental sensor integrating immune responses in health and disease”. Nature Reviews. Immunology. 19 (3): 184–197. doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0125-8. PMID 30718831. S2CID 59603271.
  • TCDD has never been produced commercially except as a pure chemical for scientific research. It is, however, formed as a synthesis side product when producing certain chlorophenols or chlorophenoxy acid herbicides. It may also be formed along with other polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofuranes in any burning of hydrocarbons where chlorine is present, especially if certain metal catalysts such as copper are also present. Usually a mixture of dioxin-like compounds is produced, therefore a more thorough treatise is under dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. The greatest production occurs from waste incineration, metal production, and fossil-fuel and wood combustion. Dioxin production can usually be reduced by increasing the combustion temperature. Total U.S. emissions of PCCD/Fs were reduced from ca. 14 kg TEq in 1987 to 1.4 kg TEq in 2000.
  • There have been numerous incidents where people have been exposed to high doses of TCDD.

Selective removal of hexachlorophene from market – France

In 1972, the “Bébé” brand of baby powder in France killed 39 babies. It also did great damage to the central nervous systems of several hundred other babies. The batch of toxic “Bébé” brand of powder was mistakenly manufactured with 6% hexachlorophene. This industrial accident directly led to the removal of hexachlorophene from consumer products worldwide.

Selective removal of hexachlorophene from market – United States

In 1972, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) halted production and distribution of products containing more than 1% of hexachlorophene. After that change, most products containing hexachlorophene were available only with a doctor’s prescription. The restrictions were enacted after 15 deaths in the United States, and the 39 deaths in France mentioned above, were reported following brain damage caused by hexachlorophene.

Several companies manufactured over-the-counter preparations which utilised hexachlorophene in their formulations. One product, Baby Magic Bath by The Mennen Company, was recalled in 1971, and removed from retail distribution.

Two commercial preparations using hexachlorophene, pHisoDerm and pHisoHex, were widely used as antibacterial skin cleansers in the treatment of acne, (with pHisoDerm developed for those allergic to the active ingredients in pHisoHex). During the 1960s, both were available over the counter in the US. After the ban, pHisoDerm was reformulated without hexachlorophene, and continued to be sold over-the-counter, while pHisoHex, (which contained 3% hexachlorophene – 3 times the legal limit imposed in 1972), became available as a prescription body wash. In the European Community countries during the 1970s and 1980s, pHisoHex remained available over the counter. A related product, pHisoAc, was used as a skin mask to dry and peel away acne lesions whilst pHiso-Scrub, a hexachlorophene-impregnated sponge for scrubbing, has since been discontinued. Several substitute products (including triclosan) were developed, but none had the germ-killing capability of hexachlorophene. (Sanofi-Aventis became the sole European manufacturer of pHisoHex, while The Mentholatum Company owns the pHisoDerm brand today. Sanofi-Aventis discontinued production of several forms of pHisoHex in August 2009 and discontinued all production of pHisoHex in September 2013).

Bristol-Myers’ discontinued Ipana toothpaste brand at one time contained hexachlorophene. 

Selective removal of hexachlorophene from market – Germany

In Germany, cosmetics containing hexachlorophene have been banned since 1985.

Selective removal of hexachlorophene from market – Austria

In Austria, the sale of drugs containing the substance has been banned since 1990.

Armour 1970–1985

Armour and Company historical marker in Fort Worth, Texas; the company closed its operations there in 1962

In 1970, Armour and Company was acquired by Chicago-based bus company Greyhound Corporation after a hostile takeover attempt by General Host Corporation a year before. Prior to the hostile takeover bid by General Host, the company had originally planned to merge with Gulf and Western Industries in 1968.

In 1971, Greyhound relocated Armour’s headquarters from Chicago to Phoenix, Arizona, to a new $83-million building. Rock icon Stevie Nicks‘ father, Jess Nicks, who was a Greyhound executive, became president of Armour.

In 1978, Greyhound sold Armour Pharmaceuticals to Revlon. Revlon sold its drug unit in 1985 to Rorer (later known as Rhône-Poulenc Rorer). Forest Laboratories acquired the rights to Armour Thyroid from Rhone-Poulenc Rorer in 1991. The remaining assets of Armour Pharmaceuticals are now part of CSL Behring.

Armour’s Factor VIII product “Factorate” was widely reported as infecting thousands of hemophiliacs worldwide with HIV during the 1980s; there have also been allegations that the firm suppressed evidence showing the product was defective.As a result, there have been lawsuits, inquiries and criminal charges.

This makes no sense to my brain so I will have to read more as I am inclined. In the meantime, I came across a Factor 8 website run by a nonprofit in UK which attempts to explain how this happened all over the world. Still not making good sense to my brain but taking a few notes anyway:

Armour / Revlon

  • History of ArmourArmour & Company begins in our story being owned by Greyhound Lines which is most notably known for its Coach / Bus services in the USA. However during 1977/1978 it was sold to Revlon, yes, that company you might suspect has only ever made beauty products , actually has connections to Factor VIII.
  • Armour’s Factor VIII product – Factorate Revlon had a good run with Armour and their main-stay Factor VIII product, which was aptly named “Factorate”.
  • What happened to Armour? Revlon remained in control of Armour from 1978 until around 1987 (Their attempts to sell the company began in the mid -1980’s, shortly after Haemophiliacs began to become aware they were infected with HIV). Revlon sold Armour to a company called Rorer Pharmaceutical for almost $700 Million. Rorer went on to merge with Rhône-Poulenc in 1990.
  • More about Armour The Krever Commission, an Inquiry into blood product contamination in Canada concluded that Armour had suppressed research showing that its heat-treating process did not effectively kill HIV. In 1996 Armour was merged with German company Behringwerke, the new alliance was named “Centeon”. It was 3 years later in 1999 that the entity known as Centeon changed its name to Aventis Behring following a merger of the parent companies, Rorer and Hoechst AG, which merged to become known as Aventis. Sometime in 2004, an Australian-rooted company called CSL acquired Aventis Behring for almost 1 Billion Dollars. The organisation today is known as CSL Behring.
  • FACTOR 8 – INDEPENDENT HAEMOPHILIA GROUP website

Baxter / Travenol / Hyland

  • History of BaxterIn 1949 Baxter created Travenol Laboratories, a pharmaceutical arm of the company and it also acquired Hyland Laboratories in 1952, both of which would go on to be involved in the Factor business.
  • Baxter’s Factor VIII product – Hemofil Baxter manufactured and sold a Factor VIII product called Hemofil.
  • What happened to Baxter? In 1996 Baxter acquired a former competitor in the business, Immuno AG, for in the region of $715,000,000. In 2015 Baxter “spun-off” it’s Haemophilia treatment business into a new company called Baxalta and this was shortly followed by a mega sell-off in 2016 to Shire PLC for some $32 Billion.
  • FACTOR 8 – INDEPENDENT HAEMOPHILIA GROUP website

Bayer / Cutter / Miles

  • History of BayerFactor VIII manufacturer Cutter Laboratories was original owned by Miles, both of which would eventually be taken over by Bayer. In 1974 Bayer acquired Cutter Laboratories and 4 years later in 1978 they acquired Miles Labs.
  • Bayer’s Factor VIII product – Koate Bayer manufactured and sold a Factor VIII product called Koate. It also manufactured and sold a Factor IX product called Konyne.
  • What happened to Bayer? In 1995 a raft of legal action was underway by those harmed by Factor VIII products in the United States and it was around this time that Bayer dropped the “Miles” name as a brand. A company called Talecris was established in 2005 by Cerberus Capital Management and Ampersand, which bought out Bayer’s plasma business and assets for 590 Million Dollars, however, it is important to note that Bayer retained it’s recombinant Factor VIII “Kogenate” product which was not included in the sale and Bayer remain active in the Haemophilia treatment market to this day. 5 Years after taking over Aventis Behring, CSL attempted to buy-out Talecris in 2009 for in the region of $3.1 billion, The deal however was cut down by the FTC who deemed the situation illegal. It would turn out to be Spanish pharmaceutical company Grifols who would ultimately land the deal, and in 2011, a year after announcing the $3.4 Billion Dollar takeover, Grifols completed its acquisition of Talecris.
  • FACTOR 8 – INDEPENDENT HAEMOPHILIA GROUP website

BPL / Blood Products Laboratory

  • History of BPLThe BPL (Blood Products Laboratory) was and still is based in Elstree, UK and was the site at which the majority of “home-made” Factor VIII was made. Today BPL has changed it’s name slightly to stand for Bio-Products Laboratory.
  • BPL’s Factor VIII products – BPL’s Factor VIII batch numbers during the 1970s and 1980s typically began with “HL”, “HLA” or “HLB”. It is unclear what the abbreviations stood for.
  • What happened to BPL? It was in 1950 that BPL first began in the business of processing human plasma and was established by the Medical Research Council (MRC) as part of the Lister Institute. In 2013 the Department of Health sold 80% of it’s stake in BPL to an investment company called Bain Capital for approximately £230 Million.In 2016 it was completely sold off to a commercial company based in China called the Creat Group for £820 Million.
  • FACTOR 8 – INDEPENDENT HAEMOPHILIA GROUP website

Immuno

  • History of Immuno – Immuno AG was a pharmaceutical company founded in 1960 by scientists Dr. Otto Schwarz and Dr. Hans Eibl. With headquarters in Vienna, Austria Immuno AG sold its products around the globe.
  • Immuno’s Factor VIII product – KryobulinImmuno AG manufactured a Factor VIII blood product called Kryobulin. Some Kryobulin was made from volunteer austrian plasma donors, and some was made from paid donors in the US.
  • What happened to Immuno – Healthcare giant Baxter purchased Immuno AG in 1996 for some $715 million.
  • FACTOR 8 – INDEPENDENT HAEMOPHILIA GROUP website

Greyhound’s rapid diversification and frequent unit restructurings led to erratic profitability. In 1981, John W. Teets was appointed chairman of Greyhound and began selling unprofitable subsidiaries. After meat packers struck at the Armour plants in the early-1980s, Teets shut 29 facilities and sold Armour Food Company to ConAgra in 1983 but kept the Armour Star canned meat business. Armour-Dial continued to manufacture the canned meat products using the Armour Star trademark under license from ConAgra.

Armour 1985–2000

In 1985, Greyhound acquired the household products business of Purex Industries, Inc. in 1985 and combined it with Armour-Dial to form The Dial Corporation.

In late 1995, parent company Greyhound (renamed The Dial Corp in 1991) announced its intention to spin off the Dial consumer-products business. Afterwards, Dial’s former parent company was renamed Viad Corp, consisting of the service businesses. The Dial consumer business was reborn as the new Dial Corporation, relocating its corporate offices to Scottsdale, Arizona, adjacent to its long-time research and development facility. Under new CEO Malcolm Jozoff, a former P&G executive, the new Dial Corporation underwent major layoffs in the fall of 1996 and a series of financially disastrous acquisitions the following four years. In 2000, Jozoff was replaced by Herbert Baum with a mandate from the board of directors to find a suitable buyer for the company.

Armour 2000–present

Dial was acquired by Henkel KGaA of Düsseldorf, Germany in March 2004. The food business of Dial, including Armour Star canned meats, was sold to Pinnacle Foods in March 2006. In 2007 Pinnacle Foods was acquired by the Blackstone Group, a New York City-based private equity firm. Conagra acquired Pinnacle Foods for $10.9 billion in 2018.

In July 2006, ConAgra sold most of their refrigerated meats businesses, including the Armour brand, to Smithfield Foods.

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Arnould, Richard J. “Changing patterns of concentration in American meat packing, 1880–1963.” Business History Review 45.1 (1971): 18-34.
  • Gras, N.S.B. and Henrietta M. Larson. Casebook in American business history (1939) pp 623–43.
  • Warren, Wilson J. Tied to the great packing machine: The Midwest and meatpacking (University of Iowa Press, 2007).

External links

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