Zinc, maybe – Mere Moonshine

zinc

Zinc was shown to be essential in fungal growth of yeast by Jules Raulin in 1869. No proof for the need of zinc in human cells was shown until the late 1930s when its presence was demonstrated in carbonic anhydrase and the 1960s when it was identified as a necessary element for humans.

A trace element is a chemical element of a minute quantity, a trace amount, especially used to refer to a micronutrient . Trace element may also refer to minor elements in the composition of a rock or other chemical substance.

Zinc is currently considered an essential trace element for humans, animals, plants and microorganisms. Zinc is stored and transferred in metallothionein. It is the second most abundant trace metal in humans after iron and it is the only metal which appears in all enzyme classes. The non-magnetic character of zinc and its lack of color in solution delayed discovery of its importance to biochemistry and nutrition. This changed in 1940 when carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that scrubs carbon dioxide from blood, was shown to have zinc in its active site. The digestive enzyme carboxypeptidase became the second known zinc-containing enzyme in 1955.

ADVERSE AGRICULTURE & ENVIRONMENT

Excessive absorption of zinc suppresses copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish.

Zinc in rivers flowing through industrial and mining areas can be as high as 20 ppm. Concentrations of zinc as low as 2 ppm adversely affects the amount of oxygen that fish can carry in their blood.

Soils contaminated with zinc from mining, refining, or fertilizing with zinc-bearing sludge can contain several grams of zinc per kilogram of dry soil. Levels of zinc in excess of 500 ppm in soil interfere with the ability of plants to absorb other essential metals, such as iron and manganese. Zinc levels of 2000 ppm to 180,000 ppm (18%) have been recorded in some soil samples.

Zinc is added to the soil primarily through the weathering of rocks, but humans have added zinc through fossil fuel combustion, mine waste, phosphate fertilizers, pesticide (zinc phosphide), limestone, manure, sewage sludge, and particles from galvanized surfaces.

The ericoid mycorrhiza is a mutualistic relationship formed between members of the plant family Ericaceae and several lineages of mycorrhizal fungi. This symbiosis represents an important adaptation to acidic and nutrient poor soils that species in the Ericaceae typically inhabit, including boreal forests, bogs, and heathlands. Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi form symbioses with several crop and ornamental species, such as blueberries, cranberries and Rhododendron. Inoculation with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi can influence plant growth and nutrient uptake. However, much less agricultural and horticultural research has been conducted with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi relative to arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi.

Somebody filed this patent

"A release mechanism is disclosed for releasing an object such as a ball from a body under the force of gravity. A bimetallic element obstructs or opens an opening in the body for retaining or releasing the object depending upon the temperature of the bimetallic element. The release mechanism may be incorporated into a novelty "brass monkey" for "emasculating" the monkey when the temperature decreases to a predetermined temperature at which the balls in the "brass monkey" are permitted to drop to a base which is designed to produce an audible sound when struck by the balls."

Release mechanism, United States Patent 4634021

Zeuterin is the trade name of a product containing zinc gluconate and the amino acid arginine which is used for STERILIZING young male dogs without the removal of the testicles

Zinc gluconate is the zinc salt of gluconic acid. It is an ionic compound consisting of two anions of gluconate for each zinc(II) cation. Zinc gluconate is a popular form for the delivery of zinc as a dietary supplement providing 14.35% elemental zinc by weight.

Zinc gluconate has been used in lozenges for treating the common cold. Zinc has also been administered nasally for treating the common cold, but has been reported to cause anosmia in some cases.

In September 2003, Zicam faced lawsuits from users who claimed that a nasal gel, containing zinc gluconate and several inactive ingredients, negatively affected their sense of smell and sometimes taste. Some plaintiffs alleged experiencing a strong and very painful burning sensation when they used the product. Matrixx Initiatives, Inc., the maker of Zicam, responded that only a small number of people experienced problems and that anosmia can be caused by the common cold itself. In January 2006, 340 lawsuits were settled for $12 million.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers zinc gluconate to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice, although this does not constitute a finding by the FDA that the substance is a useful dietary supplement. On 16 June 2009 the FDA "warned consumers to stop using and discard three zinc-containing Zicam intranasal products. The products may cause a loss of sense of smell. ... FDA is concerned that the loss of sense of smell may be permanent." In its warning, the FDA stated, "This warning does not involve oral zinc tablets and lozenges taken by mouth. Dietary zinc is also not subject to this warning."

Sphalerite is an important ore of zinc

From Greek word sphaleros, "deceiving", due to the difficulty of identifying the mineral. In pure form, it is a semiconductor, but transitions to a conductor as the iron content increases. Also known as zinc blende, black-jack, and ruby blende.

Marmatite

Marmatite or christophite is an opaque black variety of sphalerite with high iron content which can reach up to 25%. Marmatite is named after Marmato mining district in Colombia and christophite is named for the St. Christoph mine in Breitenbrunn, Saxony.

In addition to zinc, sphalerite is an ore of cadmium, gallium, germanium, and indium. It is found in association with galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite (and other sulfides), calcite, dolomite, quartz, rhodochrosite, and fluorite.

Sphalerite crystallizes in the face-centered cubic zincblende crystal structure, which is named after the mineral.

Minerals similar to sphalerite include those in the sphalerite group, consisting of sphalerite, colaradoite, hawleyite, metacinnabar, stilleite and tiemannite. The structure is closely related to the structure of diamond.

All natural sphalerite contains concentrations of various impurities, which generally substitute for zinc in the cation position in the lattice; the most common cation impurities are cadmium, mercury and manganese, but gallium, germanium and indium may also be present in relatively high concentrations (hundreds to thousands of ppm). Cadmium can replace up to 1% of zinc and manganese is generally found in sphalerite with high iron abundances. Sulfur in the anion position can be substituted for by selenium and tellurium. The abundances of these impurities are controlled by the conditions under which the sphalerite formed; formation temperature, pressure, element availability and fluid composition are important controls.

Depending on the impurities, sphalerite will fluoresce under ultraviolet light. Sphalerite can be triboluminescent. Sphalerite has a characteristic triboluminescence of yellow-orange.

Long Dong Silver
(and long dong gold)

Sphalerite has been found as a pseudomorph, taking the crystal structure of galena, tetrahedrite, barite and calcite. Sphalerite can have Spinel Law twins, where the twin axis is.

In mineralogy, a pseudomorph is a mineral or mineral compound that appears in an atypical form (crystal system), resulting from a substitution process in which the appearance and dimensions remain constant, but the original mineral is replaced by another. The name literally means "false form". Terminology for pseudomorphs is "replacer after original", as in brookite after rutile.

Ammonite with Pyrite pseudomorphs - Bully Calvados - France (4cm) — Ammonite with Pyrite pseudomorphs - Bully Calvados - France. Pyrite's metallic luster and pale brass-yellow hue give it a superficial resemblance to gold, hence the well-known nickname of fool's gold. The color has also led to the nicknames brass, brazzle, and brazil, primarily used to refer to pyrite found in coal Despite being nicknamed "fool's gold", pyrite is sometimes found in association with small quantities of gold. A substantial proportion of the gold is "invisible gold" incorporated into the pyrite (see Carlin-type gold deposit).

Calamine IS A HISTORIC NAME FOR AN ORE OF ZINC

German metallurgist Andreas Libavius received a quantity of what he called "calay" (from the Malay or Hindi word for tin) originating from Malabar off a cargo ship captured from the Portuguese in the year 1596. Libavius described the properties of the sample, which may have been zinc and which may or may not be connected to the name calamine. Zinc was regularly imported to Europe from the Orient in the 17th and early 18th centuries.

The name calamine was derived from lapis calaminaris, a Latin corruption of Greek cadmia (καδμία), the old name for zinc ores in general. The name of the Belgian town of Kelmis, La Calamine in French, which was home to a zinc mine, comes from this. In the 18th and 19th centuries large ore mines could be found near the German village of Breinigerberg. During the early 19th century it was discovered that what had been thought to be one ore was actually two distinct minerals:

Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 or smithsonite and
Zinc silicate Zn4Si2O7(OH)2·H2O or hemimorphite

Although chemically and crystallographically quite distinct, the two minerals exhibit similar massive or botryoidal external form and are not readily distinguished without detailed chemical or physical analysis. The first person to separate the minerals was the British chemist and mineralogist James Smithson in 1803. In the mining industry the term calamine has been historically used to refer to both minerals indiscriminately. In mineralogy calamine is no longer considered a valid term. It has been replaced by smithsonite and hemimorphite in order to distinguish it from the pinkish mixture of zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) used in calamine lotion.

Specimen of calamine from mine at Granby, Missouri. Hemimorphite, Smithsonite Locality: Granby Field, Tri-State District, Newton County, Missouri, USA (Locality at mindat.org) Size: 9.5 x 7.0 x 4.8 cm. Gemmy, honey-colored hemimorphite crystals richly cover the upper portion of the matrix and drusy hemimorphite covers the rest on this classic, old-time specimen from the Granby Field, Missouri of the famed Tri-State District. The matrix is comprised of tan "dry-bone" smithsonite and massive hemimorphite. Not pretty to look at, but certainly very highly desirable, old-time material from this well-known locality. Ex George Feist Collection and according to the accompanying label dates to 1925-27.

Calamine BRASS IS PRODUCED BY A PARTICULAR ALLYING TECHNIQUE USING THE ZINC ORE CALAMINE DIRECTLY RATHER THAN FIRST REFINING IT TO METALLIC ZINC

Direct zinc smelting appears to have been unknown in Europe until the mid-18th century, even though the alloyed calamine brass was in use for centuries, and metallic zinc was produced directly via reducing-atmosphere smelting in India and China from the 12th century CE onwards.

Calamine brass was produced using proportions of two-sevenths fine copper, four-sevenths calamine, and one-seventh shruff (old plate brass). Calamine brass was the first type of brass produced, probably starting during the 1st millennium BC, and was not replaced in Europe by other brass manufactures until the 18th century.

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc and, when it was first developed, methods for producing metallic zinc were unknown. Metallurgists wishing to produce brass thus used calamine (actually a mixture of the virtually indistinguishable zinc ores smithsonite and hemimorphite) as the zinc component of brass. The resulting brasses, produced by heating a mixture of copper and calamine to a high temperature for several hours (allowing zinc vapor to distill from the ores and permeate the metallic copper), contained a significant amount of slag material resulting from the non-zinc components of calamine. The use of ore rather than metallic zinc also made it difficult to accurately produce the desired final proportion of copper to zinc. This process is known as cementation.

HEMIMORPHITE

Hemimorphite is the chemical compound Zn4(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O, a component of mineral calamine. It is a silicate mineral which, together with smithsonite (ZnCO3), has been historically mined from the upper parts of zinc and lead ores. Both compounds were originally believed to be the same mineral and classified as calamine. In the second half of the 18th century, it was discovered that these two different compounds were both present in calamine. They closely resemble one another. The silicate was the rarer of the two and was named hemimorphite because of the hemimorph development of its crystals. This unusual form, which is typical of only a few minerals, means that the crystals are terminated by dissimilar faces. Hemimorphite most commonly forms crystalline crusts and layers, also massive, granular, rounded and reniform aggregates, concentrically striated, or finely needle-shaped, fibrous or stalactitic, and rarely fan-shaped clusters of crystals. Some specimens show strong green fluorescence in shortwave ultraviolet light (253.7 nm) and weak light pink fluorescence in longwave UV.
Hemimorphite most frequently occurs as the product of the oxidation of the upper parts of sphalerite bearing ore bodies, accompanied by other secondary minerals which form the so-called iron cap or gossan. Hemimorphite is an important ore of zinc and contains up to 54.2% of the metal, together with silicon, oxygen and hydrogen. The crystals are blunt at one end and sharp at the other.

SMITHSONITE

Smithsonite, also known as zinc spar, is the mineral form of zinc carbonate (ZnCO3). Historically, smithsonite was identified with hemimorphite before it was realized that they were two different minerals. The two minerals are very similar in appearance and the term calamine has been used for both, leading to some confusion. Smithsonite is a variably colored trigonal mineral which only rarely is found in well formed crystals. The typical habit is as earthy botryoidal masses. It has a Mohs hardness of 4.5 and a specific gravity of 4.4 to 4.5. Smithsonite occurs as a secondary mineral in the weathering or oxidation zone of zinc-bearing ore deposits. It sometimes occurs as replacement bodies in carbonate rocks and as such may constitute zinc ore. It commonly occurs in association with hemimorphite, willemite, hydrozincite, cerussite, malachite, azurite, aurichalcite and anglesite. It forms two limited solid solution series, with substitution of manganese leading to rhodochrosite, and with iron, leading to siderite. A variety rich in cadmium, which gives it a bright yellow color, is sometimes called turkey fat ore.

LATTEN

Historically, the term "latten" referred loosely to the copper alloys such as brass or bronze that appeared in the Middle Ages and through to the late-18th and early-19th centuries. Such alloys were used for monumental brasses, in decorative effects on borders, rivets or other details of metalwork (particularly armour), in livery and pilgrim badges or funerary effigies. Latten commonly contained varying amounts of copper, tin, zinc and lead, giving it characteristics of both brass and bronze.

In the 16th century demand for latten (brass) in England came from the needs of wool-carding, for which brass-wire combs were preferred, and battery pieces (brassware formed by hammering sheet brass in a battery mill). The only known method for producing the alloy was by heating copper and calamine together in the cementation process and in 1568 a royal charter was granted to the Society of the Mineral and Battery Works to search for the mineral and produce brass, to reduce dependence on imported metal from Germany. By the late 17th century enough was known of metallic zinc to make brass solder directly by combining copper and spelter (zinc ingots).

Metalworkers commonly formed latten in thin sheets and used it to make church utensils. Brass of this period is made through the calamine brass process, from copper and zinc ore. (Later brass was made with zinc metal from Champion's smelting process and is not generally referred to as "latten".) This calamine brass was generally manufactured as hammered sheet or "battery brass" (hammered by a "battery" of water-powered trip hammers), and cast brass was rare.

"Latten" also refers to a type of tin plating on iron (or possibly some other base metal), which is known as white latten; and black latten refers to laten-brass, which is brass milled into thin plates or sheets. The term "latten" has also been used, rarely, to refer to lead alloys. In general, metal in thin sheets is characterised as "latten" - such as gold latten; and lattens (plural) refers to metal sheets between 1/64" and 1/32" in thickness.

Alchemists burned zinc metal in air and collected the resulting zinc oxide on a condenser. Some alchemists called this zinc oxide lana philosophica, Latin for "philosopher's wool", because it collected in wooly tufts, whereas others thought it looked like white snow and named it nix album.

ZINC IN ANCIENT HISTORY

Metallic zinc was isolated in India by 1300 AD. Before it was isolated in Europe, it was imported from India in about 1600 CE. Postlewayt's Universal Dictionary, a contemporary source giving technological information in Europe, did not mention zinc before 1751 but the element was studied before then.

Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc in various proportions, was used as early as the third millennium BC in the Aegean area and the region which currently includes Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, Kalmykia, Turkmenistan and Georgia. In the second millennium BC it was used in the regions currently including West India, Uzbekistan, Iran, Syria, Iraq, and Israel. Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India, though it was known to the ancient Romans and Greeks. The mines of Rajasthan have given definite evidence of zinc production going back to the 6th century BC. To date, the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar, in Rajasthan, as early as the 9th century AD when a distillation process was employed to make pure zinc.

Various isolated examples of the use of impure zinc in ancient times have been discovered. Zinc ores were used to make the zinc–copper alloy brass thousands of years prior to the discovery of zinc as a separate element. Judean brass from the 14th to 10th centuries BC contains 23% zinc.

Knowledge of how to produce brass spread to Ancient Greece by the 7th century BC, but few varieties were made. Ornaments made of alloys containing 80–90% zinc, with lead, iron, antimony, and other metals making up the remainder, have been found that are 2,500 years old. A possibly prehistoric statuette containing 87.5% zinc was found in a Dacian archaeological site.

Strabo writing in the 1st century BC (but quoting a now lost work of the 4th century BC historian Theopompus) mentions "drops of false silver" which when mixed with copper make brass. This may refer to small quantities of zinc that is a by-product of smelting sulfide ores. Zinc in such remnants in smelting ovens was usually discarded as it was thought to be worthless.

The manufacture of brass was known to the Romans by about 30 BC. They made brass by heating powdered calamine (zinc silicate or carbonate), charcoal and copper together in a crucible. The resulting calamine brass was then either cast or hammered into shape for use in weaponry. Some coins struck by Romans in the Christian era are made of what is probably calamine brass.

The oldest known pills were made of the zinc carbonates hydrozincite and smithsonite. The pills were used for sore eyes and were found aboard the Roman ship Relitto del Pozzino, wrecked in 140 BC.

The Berne zinc tablet is a votive plaque dating to Roman Gaul made of an alloy that is mostly zinc.

Bern zinc tablet in the Bern Historical Museum, 2019 — The Bern zinc tablet or Gobannus tablet is a metal sheet found in 1984 in Bern, Switzerland. According to the scant information available, it was found in Thormenboden forest within what appears to be a Gallo-Roman context. It is inscribed with an apparently Gaulish inscription, consisting of four words, each on its own line, the letters formed by little dots impressed onto the metal: ΔΟΒΝΟΡΗΔΟ ΓΟΒΑΝΟ ΒΡΕΝΟΔΩΡ ΝΑΝΤΑΡΩΡ (Dobnoredo Gobano Brenodor Nantaror) The Bern Zinc Tablet is displayed in the Historisches Museum Bern

The Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide. Zinc mines at Zawar, near Udaipur in India, have been active since the Mauryan period (c. 322 and 187 BCE). The smelting of metallic zinc here, however, appears to have begun around the 12th century AD. One estimate is that this location produced an estimated million tonnes of metallic zinc and zinc oxide from the 12th to 16th centuries. Another estimate gives a total production of 60,000 tonnes of metallic zinc over this period.

The Rasaratna Samuccaya, written in approximately the 13th century AD, mentions two types of zinc-containing ores: one used for metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes.

GALVANI

VOLTA

PARACELSUS

MARGGRAF

zinc mentions IN OTHER NOTES

REFERENCES

GENERAL

Maret, Wolfgang (2013). “Chapter 12. Zinc and Human Disease”. In Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel (eds.). Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 389–414. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_12. ISBN 978-94-007-7499-5. PMID 24470098.
Prakash A, Bharti K, Majeed AB (April 2015). “Zinc: indications in brain disorders”. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 29 (2): 131–149. doi:10.1111/fcp.12110. PMID 25659970. S2CID 21141511.
Cherasse Y, Urade Y (November 2017). “Dietary Zinc Acts as a Sleep Modulator”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 (11): 2334. doi:10.3390/ijms18112334. PMC 5713303. PMID 29113075. Zinc is the second most abundant trace metal in the human body, and is essential for many biological processes. … The trace metal zinc is an essential cofactor for more than 300 enzymes and 1000 transcription factors [16]. … In the central nervous system, zinc is the second most abundant trace metal and is involved in many processes. In addition to its role in enzymatic activity, it also plays a major role in cell signaling and modulation of neuronal activity.
Prasad A. S. (2008). “Zinc in Human Health: Effect of Zinc on Immune Cells”. Mol. Med. 14 (5–6): 353–7. doi:10.2119/2008-00033.Prasad. PMC 2277319. PMID 18385818.
Broadley, M. R.; White, P. J.; Hammond, J. P.; Zelko I.; Lux A. (2007). “Zinc in plants”. New Phytologist. 173 (4): 677–702. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01996.x. PMID 17286818.
Zinc’s role in microorganisms is particularly reviewed in: Sugarman B (1983). “Zinc and infection”. Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 5 (1): 137–47. doi:10.1093/clinids/5.1.137. PMID 6338570.
Hambidge, K. M. & Krebs, N. F. (2007). “Zinc deficiency: a special challenge”. J. Nutr. 137 (4): 1101–5. doi:10.1093/jn/137.4.1101. PMID 17374687.

ADVERSE AGRICULTURE & ENVIRONMENT

Broadley, M. R.; White, P. J.; Hammond, J. P.; Zelko I.; Lux A. (2007). “Zinc in plants”. New Phytologist. 173 (4): 677–702. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01996.x. PMID 17286818.
Geoffrey Michael Gadd (March 2010). “Metals, minerals and microbes: geomicrobiology and bioremediation”. Microbiology. 156 (3): 609–643. doi:10.1099/mic.0.037143-0. PMID 20019082. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014.
Alloway, Brian J. (2008). “Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition, International Fertilizer Industry Association, and International Zinc Association”. Archived from the original on February 19, 2013.
Eisler, Ronald (1993). “Zinc Hazard to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review”. Contaminant Hazard Reviews. Laurel, Maryland: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service (10). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2012.
Muyssen, Brita T. A.; De Schamphelaere, Karel A. C.; Janssen, Colin R. (2006). “Mechanisms of chronic waterborne Zn toxicity in Daphnia magna”. Aquatic Toxicology. 77 (4): 393–401. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.01.006. PMID 16472524.

ZEUTERIN

Macpherson, CNL; Meslin, F-X; Wandeler, AI, eds. (2012). “Chemosterilants”. Dogs, zoonoses and public health (2nd ed.). Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI. p. 265. ISBN 9781845938352.
Romich, Janet Amundson (2005). “Male hormone-like drugs”. Fundamentals of pharmacology for veterinary technicians. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. pp. 162–4. ISBN 9781401842932.
“Zeuterin/Esterilsol: Product profile and position paper” (PDF). Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs. June 2015. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
Tobias, KM; Johnston, Spencer A. (2011). “Nonsurgical sterilization techniques”. Veterinary Surgery. London: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1910. ISBN 9780323263375.
Tobias, KM (2011). “Chapter 29: Canine Castration – Chemical castration”. Manual of Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119949541.
Quenqua, Douglas (2 December 2013). “New Strides in Spaying and Neutering”. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
“Neutersol and Esterilsol: Injectable Sterilization for Male Dogs”. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
“Ark Sciences Releases Canine Sterilization Drug”. Veterinary Practice News. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
Lau, Edie (22 April 2016). “Zeuterin marketer falters two years after U.S. debut – VIN”. The VIN News Service. Retrieved 2017-05-20.

ZINC GLUCONATE

Sumitra Ramachandran, Pierre Fontanille, Ashok Pandey and Christian Larroche (2006). “Gluconic Acid: A Review” (PDF). Food Technology and Biotechnology. 44 (2): 185–195. Retrieved 2006-12-06.
Henk G.J. de Wilt (1972). “Part I: The oxidation of Glucose to Gluconic Acid”. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Develop. 11 (4): 370. doi:10.1021/i360044a002.
Hemilä, Harri (2011). “Zinc lozenges may shorten the duration of colds: a systematic review”. Open Respir. Med. J. 5: 51–58. doi:10.2174/1874306401105010051. PMC 3136969. PMID 21769305.
Eby, George A. (2004). “Zinc lozenges: cold cure or candy? Solution chemistry determinations” (PDF). Biosci. Rep. 24 (1): 23–39. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.498.6625. doi:10.1023/B:BIRE.0000037754.71063.41. PMC 7087920. PMID 15499830.
Hemilä, Harri; Petrus, Edward J.; Fitzgerald, James T.; Prasad, Ananda (2016). “Zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold: An individual patient data meta-analysis”. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 82 (5): 1393–1398. doi:10.1111/bcp.13057. PMC 5061795. PMID 27378206.
Jafek, Bruce W.; Linschoten, Miriam R.; Murrow, Bruce W. (2004). “Anosmia after intranasal zinc gluconate use” (PDF). Am. J. Rhinol. 18 (3): 137–141. doi:10.1177/194589240401800302. PMID 15283486. S2CID 12554540.
Alexander, Thomas H.; Davidson, Terence M. (2006). “Intranasal zinc and anosmia: The zinc-induced anosmia syndrome”. The Laryngoscope. 116 (2): 217–220. doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000191549.17796.13. PMID 16467707. S2CID 39830031.
D’Cruze, Hubert; Arroll, Bruce; Kenealy, Tim (2009). “Is intranasal zinc effective and safe for the common cold? A systematic review and meta-analysis”. J. Prim. Health Care. 1 (2): 134–139. doi:10.1071/HC09134. PMID 20690364.
Davidson, Terence M.; Smith, W. M. (2010). “The Bradford Hill criteria and zinc-induced anosmia: A causality analysis”. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 136 (7): 673–676. doi:10.1001/archoto.2010.111. PMID 20644061.
zicam.vanosteen.com Archived June 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
Title 21, Part 182 Substances Generally Recognized as Safe (21CFR182). United States Code of Federal Regulations. Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
“Warnings on Three Zicam Intranasal Zinc Products”. www.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
“FDA Advises Consumers Not to Use Certain Zicam Cold Remedies”. www.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
“FDA warns against using 3 popular Zicam cold meds”. CNN. 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
Macpherson, CNL; Meslin, F-X; Wandeler, AI, eds. (2012). “Chemosterilants”. Dogs, zoonoses and public health (2nd ed.). Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI. p. 265. ISBN 9781845938352.

HISTORY

Thornton, C. P. (2007). Of brass and bronze in prehistoric Southwest Asia (PDF). ISBN 978-1-904982-19-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015.
Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9., p. 1201
Craddock, Paul T. (1978). “The composition of copper alloys used by the Greek, Etruscan and Roman civilizations. The origins and early use of brass”. Journal of Archaeological Science. 5 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(78)90015-8.
“Zinc – Royal Society Of Chemistry”. Archived from the original on July 11, 2017.
“India Was the First to Smelt Zinc by Distillation Process”. Infinityfoundation.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
Kharakwal, J. S. & Gurjar, L. K. (December 1, 2006). “Zinc and Brass in Archaeological Perspective”. Ancient Asia. 1: 139–159. doi:10.5334/aa.06112.
Weeks, Mary Elvira (1933). “III. Some Eighteenth-Century Metals”. The Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8., p. 20
Craddock, P. T. (1998). “Zinc in classical antiquity”. In Craddock, P.T. (ed.). 2000 years of zinc and brass (rev. ed.). London: British Museum. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-0-86159-124
Weeks, Mary Elvira (1933). “III. Some Eighteenth-Century Metals”. The Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8. p. 21
Emsley, John (2001). “Zinc”. Nature’s Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 499–505. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8, p. 501
“How is zinc made?”. How Products are Made. The Gale Group. 2002. Archived from the original on April 11, 2006. Retrieved February 21, 2009.
Chambers, William and Robert (1901). Chambers’s Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge (Revised ed.). London and Edinburgh: J. B. Lippincott Company., p. 799
“World’s oldest pills treated sore eyes”. New Scientist. January 7, 2013. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Giachi, Gianna; Pallecchi, Pasquino; Romualdi, Antonella; Ribechini, Erika; Lucejko, Jeannette Jacqueline; Colombini, Maria Perla; Mariotti Lippi, Marta (2013). “Ingredients of a 2,000-y-old medicine revealed by chemical, mineralogical, and botanical investigations”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (4): 1193–1196. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.1193G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216776110. PMC 3557061. PMID 23297212.
Rehren, Th. (1996). S. Demirci; et al. (eds.). A Roman zinc tablet from Bern, Switzerland: Reconstruction of the Manufacture. Archaeometry 94. The Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Archaeometry. pp. 35–45.
Meulenbeld, G. J. (1999). A History of Indian Medical Literature. Vol. IA. Groningen: Forsten. pp. 130–141. OCLC 165833440.
Craddock, P. T.; et al. (1998). “Zinc in India”. 2000 years of zinc and brass (rev. ed.). London: British Museum. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-86159-124-4.
p. 46, Ancient mining and metallurgy in Rajasthan, S. M. Gandhi, chapter 2 in Crustal Evolution and Metallogeny in the Northwestern Indian Shield: A Festschrift for Asoke Mookherjee, M. Deb, ed., Alpha Science Int’l Ltd., 2000, ISBN 1-84265-001-7.
Craddock, P. T.; Gurjar L. K.; Hegde K. T. M. (1983). “Zinc production in medieval India”. World Archaeology. 15 (2): 211–217. doi:10.1080/00438243.1983.9979899. JSTOR 124653.
Ray, Prafulla Chandra (1903). A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century, A.D.: With Sanskrit Texts, Variants, Translation and Illustrations. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). The Bengal Chemical & Pharmaceutical Works, Ltd. pp. 157–158. (public domain text)
Habashi, Fathi. “Discovering the 8th Metal” (PDF). International Zinc Association (IZA). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2009. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
Arny, Henry Vinecome (1917). Principles of Pharmacy (2nd ed.). W. B. Saunders company. p. 483.
Hoover, Herbert Clark (2003). Georgius Agricola de Re Metallica. Kessinger Publishing. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-7661-3197-2.
Gerhartz, Wolfgang; et al. (1996). Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (5th ed.). VHC. p. 509. ISBN 978-3-527-20100-6.
Skeat, W. W (2005). Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Cosimo, Inc. p. 622. ISBN 978-1-59605-092-1.
Fathi Habashi (1997). Handbook of Extractive Metallurgy. Wiley-VHC. p. 642. ISBN 978-3-527-28792-5.
Lach, Donald F. (1994). “Technology and the Natural Sciences”. Asia in the Making of Europe. University of Chicago Press. p. 426. ISBN 978-0-226-46734-4.
Vaughan, L Brent (1897). “Zincography”. The Junior Encyclopedia Britannica A Reference Library of General Knowledge Volume III P-Z. Chicago: E. G. Melven & Company.
Castellani, Michael. “Transition Metal Elements” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
Habib, Irfan (2011). Chatopadhyaya, D. P. (ed.). Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500. New Delhi: Pearson Longman. p. 86. ISBN 978-81-317-2791-1. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016.
Jenkins, Rhys (1945). “The Zinc Industry in England: the early years up to 1850”. Transactions of the Newcomen Society. 25: 41–52. doi:10.1179/tns.1945.006.
Willies, Lynn; Craddock, P. T.; Gurjar, L. J.; Hegde, K. T. M. (1984). “Ancient Lead and Zinc Mining in Rajasthan, India”. World Archaeology. 16 (2, Mines and Quarries): 222–233. doi:10.1080/00438243.1984.9979929. JSTOR 124574.
Roberts, R. O. (1951). “Dr John Lane and the foundation of the non-ferrous metal industry in the Swansea valley”. Gower. Gower Society (4): 19.
Comyns, Alan E. (2007). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Named Processes in Chemical Technology (3rd ed.). CRC Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8493-9163-7.
Marggraf (1746). “Experiences sur la maniere de tirer le Zinc de sa veritable miniere, c’est à dire, de la pierre calaminaire” [Experiments on a way of extracting zinc from its true mineral; i.e., the stone calamine]. Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Berlin (in French). 2: 49–57.
Heiserman, David L. (1992). “Element 30: Zinc”. Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. New York: TAB Books. ISBN 978-0-8306-3018-9., p. 122
Gray, Leon (2005). Zinc. Marshall Cavendish. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7614-1922-8.
Warren, Neville G. (2000). Excel Preliminary Physics. Pascal Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-74020-085-1.
“Galvanic Cell”. The New International Encyclopaedia. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1903. p. 80.
Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-19957-1., p. 626

CALAMINE AND CALAMINE BRASS

Hemimorphite on Webmineral
Smithsonite on Webmineral
Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846-1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. pp. 12–13.
Pollard, A. Mark; Heron, Carl (2008). Archaeological chemistry (2 ed.). Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-85404-262-3.
Gough, John Weidhofft (1930). The Mines of Mendip. Oxford University Press. pp. 207–209. OCLC 163035417.
Gough (1930) pp. 219–221
David Edward Marcinko (1992). Medical and Surgical Therapeutics of the Foot and Ankle. William & Wilkins. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-683-05549-8.
Alexander, W.O. (1955). “A Brief Review of the Development of the Copper, Zinc and Brass Industries in Great Britain from AD 1500 to 1900”. Murex Review (1:15). Archived from the original on 2007-04-17. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
Tylecote, R. F. (1991). A History of Metallurgy (2nd ed.). Institute of Materials. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-9026-5379-2.
Donald, M. B. (1961). Elizabethan Monopolies. Oliver and Boyd. pp. 179–95.
Day, J.; Tylecote, R. F., eds. (1991). “Copper, Zinc and Brass Production”. The Industrial Revolution in Metals. Institute of Metals. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-9014-6282-4.

LATTEN

“latten”. Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) – “A mixed metal of yellow colour, either identical with, or closely resembling, brass; often hammered into thin sheets. Now only archaic and Historical.”
For example: Walesby, Thomas (1868). Notes and Queries. 4. Vol. 1. London. p. 20. Retrieved 22 June 2022. […] a compound metal called latten. It is a mixture of copper and tin, and therefore bronze.
Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan (2016). Oxford Dictionary of Architecture. Oxford University Press. p. 429. ISBN 978-0-19-967499-2.
Brownsword, Roger (2003). Blair, John; Blair, W. John; Ramsay, Nigel (eds.). English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products. Hambledon & London. pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-0907628873.
Edge, David; Paddock, John Miles (1996) [1988]. Arms and Armour of the Medieval Knight. London: Saturn Books. ISBN 1862220018.
Day, Joan (1973). Bristol Brass. David & Charles. ISBN 0715360655.

HEMIMORPHITE AND SMITHSONITE

Warr, L.N. (2021). “IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols”. Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM…85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
Handbook of Mineralogy
Webmineral
Mindat.org
Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7
Boni, M., Gilg, H.A., Aversa, G., and Balassone, G., 2003, The “Calamine” of southwest Sardinia: Geology, mineralogy, and stable isotope geochemistry of supergene Zn mineralization: Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 731-748.
Reynolds, N.A., Chisnall, T.W., Kaewsang, K., Keesaneyabutr, C., and Taksavasu, T., 2003, The Padaeng supergene nonsulfide zinc deposit, Mae Sod, Thailand: Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 773-785.
Mineral galleries
Warr, L.N. (2021). “IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols”. Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM…85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
Smithsonite: Smithsonite mineral information and data from Mindat
Smithsonite mineral data from Webmineral
Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (2005). “Smithsonite” (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineral Data Publishing. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
“Smithsonite at the National Museum of Natural History”. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
Tom Hughes, Suzanne Liebetrau, and Gloria Staebler, eds. (2010). Smithsonite: Think Zinc! Denver, CO: Lithographie ISBN 978-0-9790998-6-1.
Ewing, Heather (2007). The Lost World of James Smithson: Science, Revolution, and the Birth of the Smithsonian. London and New York: Bloomsbury ISBN 978-1-59691-029-4
James Smithson’s 1802 Calamine Paper
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hemimorphite.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smithsonite.

SPHALERITE, MARMATITE & PSEUDOMORPHS

Glocker, Ernst Friedrich. Generum et specierum mineralium, secundum ordines naturales digestorum synopsis, omnium, quotquot adhuc reperta sunt mineralium nomina complectens. : Adjectis synonymis et veteribus et recentioribus ac novissimarum analysium chemicarum summis. Systematis mineralium naturalis prodromus. OCLC 995480390.
Richard Rennie and Jonathan Law (2016). A dictionary of chemistry (7th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-178954-0. OCLC 936373100.
Zhou, Jiahui; Jiang, Feng; Li, Sijie; Zhao, Wenqing; Sun, Wei; Ji, Xiaobo; Yang, Yue (2019). “Natural marmatite with low discharge platform and excellent cyclicity as potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries”. Electrochimica Acta. 321: 134676. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134676. S2CID 202080193 – via Elsevier SD Freedom Collection.
Manutchehr-Danai, Mohsen (2009). Dictionary of gems and gemology (3rd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 9783540727958. OCLC 646793373.
“International Mineralogical Association – Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification”. cnmnc.main.jp. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
Ye, Lin; Cook, Nigel J.; Ciobanu, Cristiana L.; Yuping, Liu; Qian, Zhang; Tiegeng, Liu; Wei, Gao; Yulong, Yang; Danyushevskiy, Leonid (2011). “Trace and minor elements in sphalerite from base metal deposits in South China: A LA-ICPMS study”. Ore Geology Reviews. 39 (4): 188–217. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.03.001.
Deer, W. A. (2013). An introduction to the rock-forming minerals. R. A. Howie, J. Zussman (3rd ed.). London. ISBN 978-0-903056-27-4. OCLC 858884283.
International Centre for Diffraction Data reference 04-004-3804, ICCD reference 04-004-3804.
Kloprogge, J. Theo (2017). Photo atlas of mineral pseudomorphism. Robert M. Lavinsky. Amsterdam, Netherlands. ISBN 978-0-12-803703-4. OCLC 999727666.
Cook, Nigel J.; Ciobanu, Cristiana L.; Pring, Allan; Skinner, William; Shimizu, Masaaki; Danyushevsky, Leonid; Saini-Eidukat, Bernhardt; Melcher, Frank (2009). “Trace and minor elements in sphalerite: A LA-ICPMS study”. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 73 (16): 4761–4791. Bibcode:2009GeCoA..73.4761C. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.045.
Frenzel, Max; Hirsch, Tamino; Gutzmer, Jens (July 2016). “Gallium, germanium, indium, and other trace and minor elements in sphalerite as a function of deposit type — A meta-analysis”. Ore Geology Reviews. 76: 52–78. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.12.017.
Dana’s Manual of Mineralogy ISBN 0-471-03288-3
Webster, R., Read, P. G. (Ed.) (2000). Gems: Their sources, descriptions and identification (5th ed.), p. 386. Butterworth-Heinemann, Great Britain. ISBN 0-7506-1674-1
The sphalerite structure
Possible relation of Sphalerite to origins of life and precursor chemicals in ‘Primordial Soup’
Minerals.net
Minerals of Franklin, NJ
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pseudomorph.
Polymorphism (materials science)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism
See also:
- Gemstones
- Sulfide minerals
- Zinc minerals
- Cubic minerals
- Minerals in space group 216
- Luminescent minerals
- Zincblende crystal structure
- Minerals described in 1847

zinc

Zinc was shown to be essential in fungal growth of yeast by Jules Raulin in 1869. No proof for the need of zinc in human cells was shown until the late 1930s when its presence was demonstrated in carbonic anhydrase and the 1960s when it was identified as a necessary element for humans.

A trace element is a chemical element of a minute quantity, a trace amount, especially used to refer to a micronutrient . Trace element may also refer to minor elements in the composition of a rock or other chemical substance.

ADVERSE AGRICULTURE & ENVIRONMENT

Somebody filed this patent

Release mechanism, United States Patent 4634021

Zeuterin is the trade name of a product containing zinc gluconate and the amino acid arginine which is used for STERILIZING young male dogs without the removal of the testicles

Zinc gluconate is the zinc salt of gluconic acid. It is an ionic compound consisting of two anions of gluconate for each zinc(II) cation. Zinc gluconate is a popular form for the delivery of zinc as a dietary supplement providing 14.35% elemental zinc by weight.

Zinc gluconate has been used in lozenges for treating the common cold. Zinc has also been administered nasally for treating the common cold, but has been reported to cause anosmia in some cases.

Sphalerite is an important ore of zinc

From Greek word sphaleros, "deceiving", due to the difficulty of identifying the mineral. In pure form, it is a semiconductor, but transitions to a conductor as the iron content increases. Also known as zinc blende, black-jack, and ruby blende.

Marmatite

Marmatite or christophite is an opaque black variety of sphalerite with high iron content which can reach up to 25%. Marmatite is named after Marmato mining district in Colombia and christophite is named for the St. Christoph mine in Breitenbrunn, Saxony.

Minerals similar to sphalerite include those in the sphalerite group, consisting of sphalerite, colaradoite, hawleyite, metacinnabar, stilleite and tiemannite. The structure is closely related to the structure of diamond.

Long Dong Silver(and long dong gold)

Calamine IS A HISTORIC NAME FOR AN ORE OF ZINC

Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 or smithsonite and Zinc silicate Zn4Si2O7(OH)2·H2O or hemimorphite

Calamine BRASS IS PRODUCED BY A PARTICULAR ALLYING TECHNIQUE USING THE ZINC ORE CALAMINE DIRECTLY RATHER THAN FIRST REFINING IT TO METALLIC ZINC

Direct zinc smelting appears to have been unknown in Europe until the mid-18th century, even though the alloyed calamine brass was in use for centuries, and metallic zinc was produced directly via reducing-atmosphere smelting in India and China from the 12th century CE onwards.

HEMIMORPHITE

SMITHSONITE

LATTEN

Alchemists burned zinc metal in air and collected the resulting zinc oxide on a condenser. Some alchemists called this zinc oxide lana philosophica, Latin for "philosopher's wool", because it collected in wooly tufts, whereas others thought it looked like white snow and named it nix album.

ZINC IN ANCIENT HISTORY

Various isolated examples of the use of impure zinc in ancient times have been discovered. Zinc ores were used to make the zinc–copper alloy brass thousands of years prior to the discovery of zinc as a separate element. Judean brass from the 14th to 10th centuries BC contains 23% zinc.

The oldest known pills were made of the zinc carbonates hydrozincite and smithsonite. The pills were used for sore eyes and were found aboard the Roman ship Relitto del Pozzino, wrecked in 140 BC.

The Berne zinc tablet is a votive plaque dating to Roman Gaul made of an alloy that is mostly zinc.

The Rasaratna Samuccaya, written in approximately the 13th century AD, mentions two types of zinc-containing ores: one used for metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes.

GALVANI

VOLTA

PARACELSUS

MARGGRAF

zinc mentions IN OTHER NOTES

REFERENCES

GENERAL

ADVERSE AGRICULTURE & ENVIRONMENT

ZEUTERIN

ZINC GLUCONATE

HISTORY

CALAMINE AND CALAMINE BRASS

LATTEN

HEMIMORPHITE AND SMITHSONITE

SPHALERITE, MARMATITE & PSEUDOMORPHS

Long Dong Silver
(and long dong gold)

Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 or smithsonite and
Zinc silicate Zn4Si2O7(OH)2·H2O or hemimorphite