Corticotropin-like intermediate [lobe] peptide (CLIP)
Corticotropin-like intermediate [lobe] peptide (CLIP), also known as adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment 18-39 (ACTH(18-39)), is a naturally occurring, endogenous neuropeptide with a docosapeptide structure and the amino acid sequence Arg-Pro-Val-Lys-Val-Tyr-Pro-Asn-Gly-Ala-Glu-Asp-Glu-Ser-Ala-Glu-Ala-Phe-Pro-Leu-Glu-Phe. CLIP is generated as a proteolyic cleavage product of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),Gianoulakis C, Seidah NG, Routhier R, Chrétien M (December 1979). "Biosynthesis and characterization of adrenocorticotropic hormone, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone,
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) aka PMCH
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), also known as pro-melanin stimulating hormone (PMCH), is a cyclic 19-amino acid orexigenic hypothalamicpeptide originally isolated from the pituitary gland of teleost fish, where it controls skin pigmentation.Barson JR, Morganstern I, Leibowitz SF (2013). "Complementary roles of orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone in feeding behavior". International Journal of
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor polypeptide with 241 amino acid residues. POMC is synthesized in corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary from the 267-amino-acid-long polypeptide precursor pre-pro-opiomelanocortin (pre-POMC), by the removal of a 26-amino-acid-long signal peptide sequence during translation. "pro-opiomelanocortin preproprotein [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 30 December 2020.POMC is part of the central melanocortin system. Function POMC is cut (cleaved)
Oxytocin
Oxytocin (Oxt or OT) is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide normally produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (41 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-7020-6851-5. It plays a role in social bonding, reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth.Audunsdottir K, Quintana DS (2022-01-25). "Oxytocin's dynamic role across
Cholecystokinin aka pancreozymin notes
Cholecystokinin ( CCK or CCK-PZ ; from Greek chole , "bile"; cysto , "sac"; kinin , "move"; hence, move the bile-sac ( gallbladder ) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein . Cholecystokinin, officially called pancreozymin , is synthesized and secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum , the first segment of the small intestine. Its presence causes the release of digestive enzymes and bile from the pancreas and gallbladder , respectively,
Ghrelin or lenomorelin
Ghrelin (or lenomorelin, INN) is a hormone produced by enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach, Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K (December 1999). "Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach". Nature. 402 (6762): 656–60. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..656K. doi:10.1038/45230. PMID 10604470. S2CID 753383. Müller TD, Nogueiras R, Andermann ML, Andrews ZB, Anker
Prolactin receptor modulators
Prolactin Agonists Growth hormone Human placental lactogen Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant) Prolactin S179D-hPRL Somatotropin An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response. Receptors are cellular proteins whose activation causes the cell to modify what it is currently doing. In contrast, an antagonist blocks
Prolactin (PRL)
Prolactin (PRL), also known as lactotropin, is a protein best known for its role in enabling mammals to produce milk. It is influential in over 300 separate processes in various vertebrates, including humans. Bole-Feysot C, Goffin V, Edery M, Binart N, Kelly PA (June 1998). "Prolactin (PRL)
Gastrin-releasing peptide aka GRP and Pro-Gastrin-Releasing-Peptide aka Pro-GRP (and something called PreProGRP?)
Gastrin-releasing peptide, also known as GRP, is a neuropeptide, a regulatory molecule that has been implicated in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Most notably, GRP stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells of the stomach. The gene from which GRP is derived encodes a number
Progastrin
Progastrin is an 80-amino acid intracellular protein and the precursor of gastrin, a gastrointestinal hormone produced by G cells in the gastric antrum.Fiona M., Gribble; Frank, Reimann; Geoffrey, P. Roberts (2018). Gastrointestinal Hormones. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Elsevier. pp. 31–70. The main function of gastrin is to regulate acid secretion.Rehfeld, Jens F.; Goetze,
Gastrin
Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas. Gastrin binds to cholecystokinin B receptors to stimulate the release of histamines in enterochromaffin-like cells, and it
Chymase and Chymosin – Rumored To Be Synonyms (and a little renin and rennin)
Chymase Alternative name for chymosin ["chymase ." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. . Encyclopedia.com. 25 Aug. 2022 https://www.encyclopedia.com] Mast Cell Chymase and Tryptase and some MMPs Chymase and tryptase are packaged in secretory granules together with histamine and other mediators in mast cells, which are infiltrated in rheumatoid synovium. Chymase is a chymotrypsin-like
Leydig cells aka interstitial cells of the testes and interstitial cells of Leydig
Very high magnification micrograph of Leydig cells. H&E stain. Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of the testes and interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle and produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH).[1][2] They are polyhedral in shape and have a large, prominent nucleus, an eosinophiliccytoplasm, and numerous
Human placental lactogen (hPL)
Human placental lactogen (hPL), also called human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS), is a polypeptideplacental hormone, the human form of placental lactogen (chorionic somatomammotropin). Its structure and function are similar to those of human growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone for the maternal recognition of pregnancy produced by trophoblast cells that are surrounding a growing embryo (syncytiotrophoblast initially), which eventually forms the placenta after implantation.Cole LA (2009). "New discoveries on the biology and detection of human chorionic gonadotropin". Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 7: 8. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-7-8. PMC 2649930. PMID 19171054.Gregory JJ,
Prostaglandins (PG)
The prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds called eicosanoids "Eicosanoid Synthesis and Metabolism: Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes, Lipoxins". themedicalbiochemistrypage.org. Retrieved 2018-09-21. having diverse hormone-like effects in animals. Prostaglandins have been found in almost every tissue in humans and other animals. They are derived enzymatically from the fatty acid arachidonic acid.Ricciotti E, FitzGerald GA (May 2011). "Prostaglandins