AnilineAzo dyesBrain developmentIndigoMaleNeuroendocrinologyParacetamol
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Paracetamol/acetaminophen (N-Acetyl-p-Aminophenol; APAP) is the preferred analgesic for pain relief and fever during pregnancy. It has therefore caused concern that several studies have reported that prenatal exposure to APAP results in developmental alterations in both the reproductive tract and the brain. Genitals and nervous system of male mammals are activelyContinue Reading

Cells in APUD SystemNeuroendocrinology
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It is only in recent years that the pineal gland has emerged from being thought of as non-functional and unimportant. The rise from obscurity has been the result of the interest of investigators of multidisciplinary origins; such approaches, whilst clearly advancing understanding, also tend to leave knowledge fragmentary. In theContinue Reading

Cells in APUD SystemEndocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseaseEndocrine/ParacrineNeuroendocrinologySomatostatin
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Parafollicular cells, also called C cells, are neuroendocrine cells in the thyroid. The primary function of these cells is to secrete calcitonin. They are located adjacent to the thyroid follicles and reside in the connective tissue. These cells are large and have a pale stain compared with the follicular cells. In teleost and avian species these cells occupyContinue Reading

Cells in APUD SystemEndocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseaseEndocrine/ParacrineLower GI TractNeuroendocrinologyReproductive endocrinology and infertility
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A major organ of the endocrine system, the anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior) is the glandular, anterior lobe that together with the posterior lobe (posterior pituitary, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes, including stress, growth, reproduction, and lactation. Proper functioning of the anterior pituitary and of the organs it regulates can often be ascertained via blood tests that measure hormone levels.Continue Reading

AdrenalineAspartameFetusGastrinHormonesNeuroendocrinologyPeptidesReproduction
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Neuroendocrine cells are cells that receive neuronal input (through neurotransmitters released by nerve cells or neurosecretory cells) and, as a consequence of this input, release messenger molecules (hormones) into the blood. In this way they bring about an integration between the nervous system and the endocrine system, a process known as neuroendocrine integration. An example of aContinue Reading

ChromiumGastrinGastrointestinal SystemNeuroendocrinologyNeurotransmittersStomach
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Enterochromaffin (EC) cells (also known as Kulchitsky cells) are a type of enteroendocrine cell, and neuroendocrine cell. They reside alongside the epithelium lining the lumen of the digestive tract and play a crucial role in gastrointestinal regulation, particularly intestinal motility and secretion. They were discovered by Nikolai Kulchitsky. EC cells modulate neuron signalling in the enteric nervous system (ENS) via the secretionContinue Reading

AdrenalineCatecholamines‎ChromiumEnkephalinsHormonesNeuroendocrinology
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Chromaffin cells, also called pheochromocytes (or phaeochromocytes), are neuroendocrine cells found mostly in the medulla of the adrenal glands in mammals. These cells serve a variety of functions such as serving as a response to stress, monitoring carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations in the body, maintenance of respiration and the regulation of blood pressure. They are in close proximity toContinue Reading