Follistatin also known as activin-binding protein and formerly known as FSH-suppressing protein (FSP)
Follistatin also known as activin-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FST gene. Follistatin is an autocrine glycoprotein that is expressed in nearly all tissues of higher animals. Ueno N, Ling N, Ying SY, Esch F, Shimasaki S, Guillemin R (December 1987). "Isolation and partial characterization of follistatin:
The transforming growth factor beta receptors
a family of serine/threonine kinase receptors involved in TGF beta signaling pathway
Adrenodoxin and Adrenodoxin reductase
Adrenal ferredoxin (also adrenodoxin (ADX), adrenodoxin, mitochondrial, hepatoredoxin, ferredoxin-1 (FDX1)) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FDX1 gene. Mittal S, Zhu YZ, Vickery LE (Sep 1988). "Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of human placental ferredoxin". Arch Biochem Biophys. 264 (2): 383â91. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(88)90303-7. PMID 2969697. "Entrez Gene: FDX1 ferredoxin 1". In addition to the expressed gene at
Phototropins are part of the phototropic sensory system in plants that causes various environmental responses in plants
Phototropins are photoreceptor proteins (more specifically, flavoproteins) that mediate phototropism responses in various species of algae, fungi and higher plants. Veetil, S.K; Mittal, C; Ranjan, P; Kateriya, S (July 2011). "A conserved isoleucine in the LOV1 domain of a novel phototropin from the marine alga Ostreococcus tauri modulates the
Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO or INDO) is involved in tryptophan metabolism
Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO or INDO EC 1.13.11.52) is a heme-containing enzyme physiologically expressed in a number of tissues and cells, such as the small intestine, lungs, female genital tract or placenta. Yamazaki F, Kuroiwa T, Takikawa O, Kido R (September 1985). "Human indolylamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Its tissue distribution, and characterization of the placental enzyme". The Biochemical Journal. 230 (3):
Kynureninase or L-Kynurenine hydrolase (KYNU) is part of the pathway for the catabolism of Trp and the biosynthesis of NAD cofactors from tryptophan (Trp).
Kynureninase or L-Kynurenine hydrolase (KYNU) (EC 3.7.1.3) is a PLP dependent enzyme that catalyses the cleavage of kynurenine (Kyn) into anthranilic acid (Ant). It can also act on 3-hydroxykynurenine (to produce 3-hydroxyanthranilate) and some other (3-arylcarbonyl)-alanines. Note: 3-Hydroxykynurenine is a metabolite of tryptophan, which filters UV light in the human lens. It is one of two pigments identified
Ommochrome (visual pigment) and Kynurenine (a metabolite of the amino acid l-tryptophan used in the production of niacin)
Ommochrome (or visual pigment) refers to several biological pigments that occur in the eyes of crustaceans and insects. The eye color is determined by the ommochromes. Ommochromes are also found in the chromatophores of cephalopods, and in spiders. Oxford, G. S.; Gillespie, R. G. (1998). "Evolution and Ecology of Spider Coloration". Annual Review of Entomology. 43:
Sterol carrier proteins (aka nonspecific lipid transfer proteins)
These proteins are different from plant nonspecific lipid transfer proteins but structurally similar to small proteins of unknown function from Thermus thermophilus. Thermus thermophilus is a Gram-negative bacterium used in a range of biotechnological applications, including as a model organism for genetic manipulation, structural genomics, and systems biology. The bacterium
Glucuronic acid is a uronic acid that was first isolated from urine
Glucuronic acid (from Greek γλΔῊÎșÎżÏ "wine, must" and ÎżáœÏÎżÎœ "urine") is a uronic acid that was first isolated from urine (hence the name"uronic acid"). It is found in many gums such as gum arabic (approx. 18%), xanthan, and kombucha tea and is important for the metabolism of microorganisms, plants and animals. Not to be confused with Gluconic acid (Gluconic acid
Amygdalin and Laetrile
Amygdalin (from Ancient Greek: áŒÎŒÏ γΎαλΟ amygdalÄ "almond") is a naturally occurring chemical compound found in many plants, most notably in the seeds (kernels) of apricots, bitter almonds, apples, peaches, cherries and plums, and in the roots of manioc. Amygdalin is classified as a cyanogenic glycoside, because each amygdalin molecule includes a nitrile group, which can be released as the
Adenosine
Adenosine (symbol A) is an organic compound that occurs widely in nature in the form of diverse derivatives. The molecule consists of an adenine attached to a ribose via a ÎČ-N9-glycosidic bond. Adenosine is one of the four nucleoside building blocks of RNA (and its derivative deoxyadenosine is a building block of DNA), which are
Mycoestrogens are xenoestrogens produced by fungi. They are sometimes referred to as mycotoxins.
Among important mycoestrogens are zearalenone, zearalenol and zearalanol. Rivera-NĂșñez Z, Barrett ES, Szamreta EA, Shapses SA, Qin B, Lin Y, Zarbl H, Buckley B, Bandera EV (March 2019). "Urinary mycoestrogens and age and height at menarche in New Jersey girls". Environmental Health. 18 (1): 24. doi:10.1186/s12940-019-0464-8. PMC 6431018. PMID 30902092. Fink-Gremmels, J.; Malekinejad, H. (October
Metalloestrogens
Metalloestrogens are a class of inorganic xenoestrogens which can affect the gene expression of human cells responding to estrogen. Effects are related to the physiologic function of estrogen because metalloestrogens have shown affinity for estrogen receptors. Because they can mimic estrogen thus activating the receptor, they are considered
Proline and a few other notes
Proline (symbol Pro or P) is an organic acid classed as a proteinogenic amino acid (used in the biosynthesis of proteins), although it does not contain the amino group -NH2 but is rather a secondary amine. The secondary amine nitrogen is in the protonated form (NH2+) under biological conditions, while the carboxyl group is
Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated âNH+3 form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated âCOOâ form under biological conditions), and a side chain consisting of a hydroxymethyl group, classifying it as
Opioid growth factor receptor
Opioid growth factor receptor, also known as OGFr or the ζ-opioid receptor, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the OGFR gene. "Entrez Gene: OGFR opioid growth factor receptor". Zagon IS, Verderame MF, Allen SS, McLaughlin PJ (February 2000). "Cloning, sequencing, chromosomal location, and function of cDNAs