Category: The Science
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Peptidoglycan or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like peptidoglycan layer outside the plasma membrane
Not to be confused with glycopeptide, proteoglycan, or glycoprotein Peptidoglycan or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like peptidoglycan layer outside the plasma membrane, the rigid cell wall (murein sacculus) characteristic of most bacteria (domain Bacteria). The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). Attached to the N-acetylmuramic acid is an oligopeptide chain made of three to five amino acids.…
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Erich Traub (1906 – 1985) German veterinarian, scientist and virologist who specialized in foot-and-mouth disease, Rinderpest and Newcastle disease
Erich Traub worked directly for Heinrich Himmler, head of the Schutzstaffel (SS), as the lab chief of the Nazis’ leading bio-weapons facility on Riems Island. Note: Riems is home to the oldest virological research institution in the world, now called the Friedrich Loeffler Institute, which was built by Friedrich Loeffler in 1910. Loeffler, a professor at the University of Greifswald, ran filtration tests in 1898 and found…
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Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO or INDO) is involved in tryptophan metabolism
Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO or INDO EC 1.13.11.52) is a heme-containing enzyme physiologically expressed in a number of tissues and cells, such as the small intestine, lungs, female genital tract or placenta. In humans is encoded by the IDO1 gene. IDO is involved in tryptophan metabolism. It is one of three enzymes that catalyze the first and rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway, the O2-dependent oxidation of L-tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine, the others being indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase…
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Sterol carrier proteins (aka nonspecific lipid transfer proteins)
These proteins are different from plant nonspecific lipid transfer proteins but structurally similar to small proteins of unknown function from Thermus thermophilus. This domain is involved in binding sterols. The human sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) is a basic protein that is believed to participate in the intracellular transport of cholesterol and various other lipids. Human…
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Glucuronic acid is a uronic acid that was first isolated from urine
Glucuronic acid (from Greek γλεῦκος “wine, must” and οὖρον “urine“) is a uronic acid that was first isolated from urine (hence the name”uronic acid”). It is found in many gums such as gum arabic (approx. 18%), xanthan, and kombucha tea and is important for the metabolism of microorganisms, plants and animals. Not to be confused with Gluconic acid (Gluconic acid occurs naturally in fruit, honey, and wine. As a food additive E574, it is now known as an acidity regulator.…
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Glycoside
In chemistry, a glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications.…
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List of human clusters of differentiation (OR CD) MOLECULES
* = group; ** = not listed on hcdm CD1* MHC-like molecule that presents lipid molecules CD1a CD1a (Cluster of Differentiation 1a), or T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1a, is a human protein encoded by the CD1A gene. An antigen-presenting protein that binds self and non-self lipid and glycolipid antigens and presents them to T-cell receptors on natural killer T-cells. CD1b T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1b. Expressed on cortical thymocytes, certain T-cell leukemias…
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A tetrapeptide is a peptide, classified as an oligopeptide, since it only consists of four amino acids
Examples of tetrapeptides are: See also Hormones Categories: From Wikipedia where this page was last updated July 2, 2022
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What Are Plant Matrix Metalloproteinases?
Plant matrix metalloproteinases are metalloproteins and zinc enzymes found in plants. Matrix Metalloproteinase Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc endopeptidases, commonly called metzincins. MMP enzymes represent an ancient family of proteins with major similarities in genetic make-up that are present in a range of diverse organisms from unicellular bacteria to multicellular vertebrates and invertebrates. The superfamily is distinguished due to its motif consisting of three histidines bonded to…
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What Is Nitrophenol? (besides something mentioned in ‘Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of aspartame as a food additive’)
Nitrophenols are compounds of the formula HOC6H5−x(NO2)x. The conjugate bases are called nitrophenolates. Nitrophenols are more acidic than phenol itself. Wikipedia Mono-nitrophenols with the formula HOC6H4NO2. Three isomeric nitrophenols exist: o-Nitrophenol (2-nitrophenol; OH and NO2 groups are neighboring; CAS number: 88-75-5), a yellow crystalline solid (m.p. 46 °C). m-Nitrophenol (3-nitrophenol, CAS number: 554-84-7), a yellow solid (m.p. 97 °C) and precursor to the…
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4-Nitrophenol mentioned in ‘Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of aspartame (E 951) as a food additive’ (2013)
3.2.6.2. Studies on the effect of aspartame administration on xenobiotic metabolising enzymesAn early study (E15, 1972) indicated that the oral administration of aspartame to male Charles River rats (2000-4000 mg/kg) for four days had no acute effect on hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated xenobiotic metabolism, as measured as aminopyrine N-demethylation, p-nitroanisole Ndemethylation, hexobarbital sleeping time or…
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Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using aspartame and their catalytic activity for p-nitrophenol reduction
Wu S, Yan S, Qi W, Huang R, Cui J, Su R, He Z. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using aspartame and their catalytic activity for p-nitrophenol reduction. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2015 May 8;10:213. doi: 10.1186/s11671-015-0910-7. PMID: 25991916; PMCID: PMC4431991. Abstract We demonstrated a facile and environmental-friendly approach to form gold nanoparticles through the reduction…
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“People with a rare hereditary disease known as phenylketonuria (PKU) have a difficult time metabolizing phenylalanine, a component of aspartame, and should control their intake of phenylalanine from all sources, including aspartame.”
Aspartame is approved for use in food as a nutritive sweetener. Aspartame brand names include Nutrasweet®, Equal®, and Sugar Twin®. It does contain calories, but because it is about 200 times sweeter than table sugar, consumers are likely to use much less of it. FDA approved aspartame in 1981 (46 FR 38283) for uses, under certain conditions, as a tabletop sweetener,…
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Experimental (induced) phenylketonuria in infant monkeys – A high phenylalanine diet produces abnormalities simulating those of the hereditary disease (1965)
Experimental phenylketonuria can be produced in infant monkeys by feeding excessive quantities of L-phenylalanine soon after birth. Both the phenylketonuric monkey and the phenylketonuric human patient have elevated plasma levels of phenylalanine, and monkey and human excrete almost the same phenylalanine metabolites in the urine. Grand-mal convulsions, observed in some children with phenylketonuria, were also…
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Harlow Article Search at NIH
Results are displayed in a computed author sort order. Results by year timeline is unavailable EXPERIMENTAL PHENYLKETONURIA IN INFANT MONKEYS.WAISMAN HA, HARLOW HF.Science. 1965 Feb 12;147(3659):685-95. doi: 10.1126/science.147.3659.685.PMID: 142420162CiteShare The development of infant monkeys fed low phenylalanine diets.Kerr GR, Chamove AS, Harlow HF, Waisman HA.Pediatr Res. 1969 Jul;3(4):305-12. doi: 10.1203/00006450-196907000-00006.PMID: 4979929 No abstract available.3CiteShare Phenylketonuria in infant monkeys.WAISMAN HA, WANG…
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Waisman Article Search at NIH
Results are displayed in a computed author sort order. Results by year timeline is unavailable EXPERIMENTAL PHENYLKETONURIA IN INFANT MONKEYS. WAISMAN HA, HARLOW HF.Science. 1965 Feb 12;147(3659):685-95. doi: 10.1126/science.147.3659.685.PMID: 142420162CiteShare Phenylketonuria in rats: reversibility of behavorial deficit. Polidora VJ, Cunningham RF, Waisman HA.Science. 1966 Jan 14;151(3707):219-21. doi: 10.1126/science.151.3707.219.PMID: 177463403CiteShare Phenylalanine: Transplacental centrations in Rhesus Monkeys. Kerr GR, Waisman HA.Science.…
