Tag: Cartilage
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🦴 Joint Disorders and the Ionic Collapse
Joint pain and degeneration are often framed as mechanical or autoimmune problems. But mounting evidence suggests that chronic joint disorders are also failures of immune coordination, vascular repair, and connective tissue signaling—all of which are governed by the PF4–CXCR4–CXCL12 axis and deeply influenced by ionic balance, especially sodium. 🔹 1. The PF4–CXCR4–CXCL12 Axis in Joint…
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Chondroitin sulfate
CHONDROITIN SULFATE is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid). It is usually found attached to proteins as part of a proteoglycan. A chondroitin chain can have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities. Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage, and provides much of its…
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Keratan sulfate (KS) aka keratosulfate
Not to be confused with Keratin. Keratan sulfate (KS), also called keratosulfate, is any of several sulfated glycosaminoglycans (structural carbohydrates) that have been found especially in the cornea, cartilage, and bone. It is also synthesized in the central nervous system where it participates both in development and in the glial scar formation following an injury. Keratan sulfates are large, highly hydrated molecules which in joints can act as a cushion to…
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