The conjugate (10S,11S) JH diol phosphate is the product of a two-step enzymatic process: conversion of JH to JH diol and then addition of a phosphate group to C10
The conjugate (10S,11S) JH diol phosphate is the product of a two-step enzymatic process: conversion of JH to JH diol and then addition of a phosphate group to C10. The enzym
Leu-enkephalin and Met-enkephalin
Leu-enkephalin is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter with the amino acid sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu that is found naturally in the b
Cells in the APUD system may include melanocytes
Melanocytes are melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin’s epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (t
The adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines; epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
The adrenal medulla (Latin: medulla glandulae suprarenalis) is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. I
The chief cells of the parathyroid glands sense the amount of calcium in the blood, and release the calcium-increasing hormone parathyroid hormone (PTH) accordingly
Parathyroid chief cells (also called parathyroid principal cells or simply parathyroid cells) are one of the two cell types of the parathyroid glands, along with oxyphil cells
Parafollicular cells aka C cells secrete calcitonin and several neuroendocrine peptides
Parafollicular cells, also called C cells, are neuroendocrine cells in the thyroid. The primary function of these cells is to secrete calcitonin. They are
Adenohypophysis regulates several physiological processes, including stress, growth, reproduction, and lactation
A major organ of the endocrine system, the anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior) is the glandular, 
Enterohepatic circulation
Enterohepatic circulation refers to the circulation of biliary acids, bilirubin, drugs or other substances from the liver to the bile, followed by entry into the small intes
APUD cells (DNES cells)
APUD cells (DNES cells) constitute a group of apparently unrelated endocrine cells, which were named by the scientist A.G.E. Pearse, who developed the APUD concept in the 1960s
G cells or gastrin cells secrete gastrin. They works in conjunction with gastric chief cells and parietal cells. The peptide hormone bombesin also stimulates gastrin from G cells.
In anatomy, the G cell or gastrin cell, is a type of cell in the stomach and duodenum that secretes gastrin. It works in conjunction with gastric chief cells and parietal c
Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL cells) are neuroendocrine and enteroendocrine cells that aid in the production of gastric acid via the release of histamine
Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell found in the gastric glands of the gastric mucosa beneath the epithelium, in particular in the vi
Physiology of the gastrointestinal system
of the intestinal UPPER GI TRACT
Delta cells (δ-cells or D cells) are somatostatin-producing cells
Delta cells (δ-cells or D cells) can be found in the stomach, intestine and the pancreatic islets. Delta cells comprise ca 5% of the cells in th
HCO3 (bicarbonate)
In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. It is a polyatomic a
Intrinsic factor (IF) and haptocorrin (transcobalamin I) are necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12
Intrinsic factor (IF), cobalamin binding intrinsic factor, also known as gastric intrinsic factor (GIF), is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells (in humans) or ch
Pepsinogens are mainly grouped in 5 different groups based on their primary structure
1. Pepsinogen A (also called pepsinogen I) 2. Pepsinogen B 3. Progastricsin (also called pepsinogen II and pepsinogen C) 4. Prochymosin (also called prorennin) 5. Pepsinogen F (als