The 1930s

Dora “Dorchen” Richter underwent surgical castration in 1922, followed by removal of the penis and vaginoplasty in 1931

Dora “Dorchen” Richter (1891 – presumed 1933) was the first known person to undergo complete male-to-female gender reassignment surgery. She was one of a number of transgender people in the care of sex-research pioneer Magnus Hirschfeld at Berlin’s Institute for… Read more.

Apr 5, 2023

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Castration, Who’s Who in Sexology
Institut für Sexualwissenschaft

The Institut für Sexualwissenschaft was an early private sexology research institute in Germany from 1919 to 1933. The name is variously translated as Institute of Sex Research, Institute of Sexology, Institute for Sexology or Institute for the Science of Sexuality. The… Read more.

Apr 5, 2023

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Cohort Studies, Germany, History, Nazis and sexology, Who’s Who in Sexology, World League for Sexual Reform
Xylose is the main building block for the hemicellulose

Xylose is the main building block for the hemicellulose xylan, which comprises about 30% of some plants (birch for example), far less in others (spruce and pine have about 9% xylan). Xylose… Read more.

Mar 30, 2023

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Birch, Hemicellulose, Plants, Xylan, Xylose
Carbonic anhydrases (or carbonate dehydratases) and inhibitors

The carbonic anhydrases (or carbonate dehydratases) (EC 4.2.1.1) form a family of enzymes that catalyze the interconversion between carbon dioxide and water and the dissociated ions of carbonic acid (i.e. bicarbonate and hydrogen ions). The active site of most carbonic anhydrases contains a zinc ion. They are therefore classified as metalloenzymes. The enzyme maintains acid-base balance and… Read more.

Mar 7, 2023

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Plants, Zinc
No proof for the need of zinc in human cells was shown until the late 1930s where its presence was demonstrated in carbonic anhydrase and the 1960s where it was identified as a necessary element for humans

Zinc was identified to be essential in fungal growth of yeast as shown by Jules Raulin in 1869 yet no proof for the need of zinc in human cells was shown until the late 1930s… Read more.

Aug 27, 2022

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BIOMETALS, Metals, Zinc

The 1930s

Dora “Dorchen” Richter underwent surgical castration in 1922, followed by removal of the penis and vaginoplasty in 1931

Institut für Sexualwissenschaft

Xylose is the main building block for the hemicellulose

Carbonic anhydrases (or carbonate dehydratases) and inhibitors

No proof for the need of zinc in human cells was shown until the late 1930s where its presence was demonstrated in carbonic anhydrase and the 1960s where it was identified as a necessary element for humans