So I was at Wikpedia reading about Goliath (because who in hell was Goliath? nobody knows) when I read: “According to the Jerusalem Talmud, Goliath was born by polyspermy, and had about one hundred fathers.” I had to read more because that sounds a little strange. The Polyspermy page took me to the Cortical reaction and Acrosome reaction pages along with several others, some of which are still open and waiting to be read. The H word keeps showing up…a couple of H words keep showing up. I decided to work on “from Transylvania to Woods Hole” guy’s page because WPKOI has new templates I want to try and I also need more information on a few things from that page. One of his things was Vitamin C which was formerly called hexuronic acid. And that got me reading about uronic acid (which is ‘not to be confused with uric acid’):

Uronic acids or alduronic acids are a class of sugar acids with both carbonyl and carboxylic acid functional groups. They are sugars in which the hydroxyl group furthest from the carbonyl group has been oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Usually the sugar is an aldose, but fructuronic acid also occurs. Oxidation of the terminal aldehyde instead yields an aldonic acid, while oxidation of both the terminal hydroxyl group and the aldehyde yields an aldaric acid. The names of uronic acids are generally based on their parent sugars, for example, the uronic acid analog of glucose is glucuronic acid. Uronic acids derived from hexoses are known as hexuronic acids and uronic acids derived from pentoses are known as penturonic acids.^{[ “Hexuronic acid”. encyclopedia.com.]} Some of these compounds have important biochemical functions; for example, many wastes in the human body are excreted in the urine as their glucuronate salts, and iduronic acid is a component of some structural complexes such as proteoglycans.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uronic_acid

It was the Iduronic acid which mentioned the study:

l-Iduronic acid (IUPAC abbr.: IdoA) is the major uronic acid component of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) dermatan sulfate, and heparin. It is also present in heparan sulfate, although here in a minor amount relative to its carbon-5 epimer glucuronic acid. IdoA is a hexapyranose sugar. Most hexapyranoses are stable in one of two chair conformations ¹C₄ or ⁴C₁. l-iduronate is different and adopts more than one solution conformation, with an equilibrium existing between three low-energy conformers. These are the ¹C₄ and ⁴C₁ chair forms and an additional ²S₀ skew-boat conformation. IdoA may be modified by the addition of an O-sulfate group at carbon position 2 to form 2-O-sulfo-l-iduronic acid (IdoA2S). In 2000, LK Hallak described the importance of this sugar in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate were the only GAGs containing IdoA, and they were the only ones that inhibited RSV infection in cell culture. When internally positioned within an oligosaccharide, the ¹C₄ and ²S₀ conformations (shown at Wikipedia) predominate. Proton NMR spectroscopy can be used to track changes in the balance of this equilibrium.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iduronic_acid

That’s all very interesting. I also just read that something called Protamine sulfate “is a medication that is used to reverse the effects of heparin” and “Protamine has been reported to cause allergic reactions in patients who are allergic to fish, diabetics using insulin preparations containing protamine, and vasectomized or infertile men.^“ What on earth? I don’t have time to visit the rabbit hole anytime soon so I want to make a note of it.

Here is the abstract for the title study and I’m including the references because I’ve been seeing some of this stuff way too many times. I guess we’re going to figure out why that is…and what, if anything, this has to do with Goliath. So weird.

Abstract

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important human respiratory pathogen, particularly in infants. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been implicated in the initiation of RSV infection of cultured cells, but it is not clear what type of GAGs and GAG components are involved, whether the important GAGs are on the virus or the cell, or what the magnitude is of their contribution to infection. We constructed and rescued a recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing RSV (rgRSV) and used this virus to develop a sensitive system to assess and quantify infection by flow cytometry. Evaluation of a panel of mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines that are genetically deficient in various aspects of GAG synthesis showed that infection was reduced up to 80% depending on the type of GAG deficiency. Enzymatic removal of heparan sulfate and/or chondroitin sulfate from the surface of HEp-2 cells also reduced infection, and the removal of both reduced infection even further. Blocking experiments in which RSV was preincubated with various soluble GAGs revealed the relative blocking order of: heparin > heparan sulfate > chondroitin sulfate B. Iduronic acid is a component common to these GAGs. GAGs that do not contain iduronic acid, namely, chondroitin sulfate A and C and hyaluronic acid, did not inhibit infection. A role for iduronic acid-containing GAGs in RSV infection was confirmed by the ability of basic fibroblast growth factor to block infection, because basic fibroblast growth factor binds to GAGs containing iduronic acid. Pretreatment of cells with protamine sulfate, which binds and blocks GAGs, also reduced infection. In these examples, infection was reduced by pretreatment of the virus with soluble GAGs, pretreatment of the cells with GAG-binding molecules, pretreatment of the cells with GAG-destroying enzymes or in cells genetically deficient in GAGs. These results establish that the GAGs involved in RSV infection are present on the cell rather than on the virus particle. Thus, the presence of cell surface GAGs containing iduronic acid, like heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate B, is required for efficient RSV infection in cell culture.

Hallak LK, Collins PL, Knudson W, Peeples ME. Iduronic acid-containing glycosaminoglycans on target cells are required for efficient respiratory syncytial virus infection. Virology. 2000 Jun 5;271(2):264-75. doi: 10.1006/viro.2000.0293. PMID: 10860881

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