Tag: ACETAMINOPHEN
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Isoleucine, Tryptophol, Sleeping Sickness, The Disulfiram Effect and One Trick Hypnotists From Hell
Isoleucine (symbol Ile or I) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated âNH+3 form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated âCOOâ form under biological conditions), and a hydrocarbon side chain with a branch (a central carbon atom bound to three other carbon atoms). It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH), branched-chain, aliphatic amino acid. It…
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Paracetamol (acetaminophen) use in infants and children was never shown to be safe for neurodevelopment: a systematic review with citation tracking
Although widely believed by pediatricians and parents to be safe for use in infants and children when used as directed, increasing evidence indicates that early life exposure to paracetamol (acetaminophen) may cause long-term neurodevelopmental problems. Furthermore, recent studies in animal models demonstrate that cognitive development is exquisitely sensitive to paracetamol exposure during early development. In…
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Prenatal exposure to paracetamol/acetaminophen and precursor aniline impairs masculinisation of male brain and behaviour
Paracetamol/acetaminophen (N-Acetyl-p-Aminophenol; APAP) is the preferred analgesic for pain relief and fever during pregnancy. It has therefore caused concern that several studies have reported that prenatal exposure to APAP results in developmental alterations in both the reproductive tract and the brain. Genitals and nervous system of male mammals are actively masculinised during foetal development and…
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Aniline, through its conversion into antiandrogenic paracetamol (acetaminophen, tylenol), impairs male reproductive development
Industrial use of aniline is increasing worldwide with production estimated to surpass 5.6 million metric tons in 2016. Exposure to aniline occurs via air, diet, and water augmenting the risk of exposing a large number of individuals. Early observations suggest that aniline is metabolized to paracetamol/acetaminophen, likely explaining the omnipresence of low concentrations of paracetamol…
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Glucuronic acid is a uronic acid that was first isolated from urine
Glucuronic acid (from Greek γλΔῊÎșÎżÏ “wine, must” and ÎżáœÏÎżÎœ “urine“) is a uronic acid that was first isolated from urine (hence the name”uronic acid”). It is found in many gums such as gum arabic (approx. 18%), xanthan, and kombucha tea and is important for the metabolism of microorganisms, plants and animals. Not to be confused with Gluconic acid (Gluconic acid occurs naturally in fruit, honey, and wine. As a food additive E574, it is now known as an acidity regulator.…
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Piceol is a phenolic compound found in the needles and in mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruces and more
Piceol is a phenolic compound found in the needles and in mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruces (Picea abies). Picein is the glucoside of piceol. Pungenin is a also phenolic compound found in the needles of Blue Spruce (Picea pungens). It is the glucoside of 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone. The compound serves a feeding deterrent against Spruce Budworm larvae. This may be a little redundant as the base information is already included on the Baccharis page…
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Baccharis is a genus of perennials and shrubs in the aster family (Asteraceae)
They are commonly known as baccharises but sometimes referred to as “brooms”, because many members have small thin leaves resembling the true brooms. They are not at all related to these however, but belong to an entirely different lineage of eudicots. B. halimifolia is commonly known as “groundsel bush”, however true groundsels are found in the genus Senecio. Baccharis, with over 500…
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Interactions between Paracetamol and Formaldehyde: Theoretical Investigation and Topological Analysis (Abstract and References)
In this work, noncovalent interactions including hydrogen bonds, C···C, N···O, and van der Waals forces between paracetamol and formaldehyde were investigated using the second-order perturbation theory MP2 in conjunction with the correlation consistent basis sets (aug-cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVTZ). Two molecular conformations of paracetamol were considered. Seven equilibrium geometries of dimers were found from the result…
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Pi stacking aka ÏâÏ stacking
In chemistry, pi stacking (also called ÏâÏ stacking) refers to the presumptive attractive, noncovalent pi interactions (orbital overlap) between the pi bonds of aromatic rings. However this is a misleading description of the phenomena since direct stacking of aromatic rings (the “sandwich interaction”) is electrostatically repulsive. What is more commonly observed (see figure below) is either a staggered stacking (parallel displaced) or pi-teeing (perpendicular T-shaped) interaction both of which are electrostatic attractive For…
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AM404, aka N-arachidonoylphenolamine, is an active metabolite of paracetamolÂ
AM404, also known as N-arachidonoylphenolamine, is an active metabolite of paracetamol (acetaminophen), responsible for all or part of its analgesic action and anticonvulsant effects. Chemically, it is the amide formed from 4-aminophenol and arachidonic acid. Pharmacology It is established that AM404 increases concentrations of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide within the synaptic cleft, contributing to its analgesic activity. This has been well characterised as involving endocannabinoid transporter inhibition, but the precise transporter responsible is yet to be…
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4-Aminophenol – what a molecule!
This is a humble organic compound with the formula H2NC6H4OH, but donât let its unassuming structure fool you. This is not just any crystalline powder; this is a chemical that moonlights as a pharmaceutical ingredient, a hair dye precursor, andâwait for itâa black-and-white film developer. If molecules had rĂ©sumĂ©s, 4-Aminophenolâs would read like someone whoâs worked…
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Paracetamol is an aniline derivative with a sketchy date of birth (and a very sketchy rebirth)
Paracetamol was first made in 1877…or possibly 1852. Some reports state that Cahn & Hepp or a French chemist called Charles Gerhardt first synthesized paracetamol in 1852. Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess analgesic as well as antipyretic properties, and was quickly introduced into medical practice under the name of Antifebrin by Cahn & Hepp in 1886. But…
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The word “paracetmol”
The word “paracetmol” is a shortened form of para-acetyl-amino-phenol, and was coined, manufactured and sold by Frederick Stearns & Co in 1956.
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The word “acetaminophen”
The word “acetaminophen” is a shortened form of N-acetyl aminophenol, and was coined and first marketed by McNeil Laboratories in 1955.
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Paracetamol is extremely toxic to cats, which lack the necessary UGT1A6 enzyme to detoxify it
Paracetamol is extremely toxic to cats, which lack the necessary UGT1A6 enzyme to detoxify it. Initial symptoms include vomiting, salivation, and discoloration of the tongue and gums. Unlike an overdose in humans, liver damage is rarely the cause of death; instead, methemoglobin formation and the production of Heinz bodies in red blood cells inhibit oxygen transport by the blood, causing asphyxiation (methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia).…
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N-acetylcysteine treatment is efficacious in dogs when administered within two hours of toxic paracetamol ingestion
Paracetamol has been reported to be as effective as aspirin in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain in dogs. The main effect of toxicity in dogs is liver damage, and GI ulceration has been reported. N-acetylcysteine treatment is efficacious in dogs when administered within two hours of paracetamol ingestion.
